src/libmsc/ran_msg_a.c

/* BSSAP/BSSMAP encoding and decoding for MSC */
/*
 * (C) 2019 by sysmocom - s.m.f.c. GmbH <info@sysmocom.de>
 * All Rights Reserved
 *
 * Author: Neels Hofmeyr
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 */

#include <osmocom/core/byteswap.h>

#include <osmocom/crypt/auth.h>

#include <osmocom/gsm/tlv.h>
#include <osmocom/gsm/gsm0808.h>
#include <osmocom/gsm/mncc.h>
#include <osmocom/gsm/gsm48.h>

#include <osmocom/msc/debug.h>
#include <osmocom/msc/ran_msg_a.h>
#include <osmocom/msc/sccp_ran.h>
#include <osmocom/msc/gsm_data.h>

#define LOG_RAN_A_DEC(RAN_DEC, level, fmt, args...) \
	LOG_RAN_DEC(RAN_DEC, DBSSAP, level, "BSSMAP: " fmt, ## args)

/* Assumes presence of struct ran_dec *ran_dec and ran_dec_msg.msg_name (set) in the local scope. */
#define LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(level, fmt, args...) \
	LOG_RAN_DEC(ran_dec, DBSSAP, level, "%s: " fmt, ran_dec_msg.msg_name, ## args)

#define LOG_RAN_A_ENC(FI, level, fmt, args...) \
	LOG_RAN_ENC(FI, DBSSAP, level, "BSSMAP: " fmt, ## args)

static int ran_a_decode_l3_compl(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct gsm0808_cell_id_list2 cil;
	struct gsm0808_cell_id cell_id;
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cell_id = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CELL_IDENTIFIER);
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_l3_info = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_LAYER_3_INFORMATION);
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_COMPL_L3,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Complete Layer 3",
		.compl_l3 = {
			.cell_id = &cell_id,
			.msg = msg,
		},
	};
	int rc;

	if (!ie_cell_id) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Mandatory CELL IDENTIFIER not present, discarding message\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (!ie_l3_info) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Mandatory LAYER 3 INFORMATION not present, discarding message\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* Parse Cell ID element -- this should yield a cell identifier "list" with 1 element. */

	rc = gsm0808_dec_cell_id_list2(&cil, ie_cell_id->val, ie_cell_id->len);
	if (rc < 0) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Decoding CELL IDENTIFIER gave rc=%d\n", rc);
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (cil.id_list_len != 1) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Unable to parse element CELL IDENTIFIER, discarding message\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* Sanity check the Cell Identity */
	switch (cil.id_discr) {
	case CELL_IDENT_WHOLE_GLOBAL:
	case CELL_IDENT_LAI_AND_LAC:
	case CELL_IDENT_LAC_AND_CI:
	case CELL_IDENT_LAC:
		break;

	case CELL_IDENT_CI:
	case CELL_IDENT_NO_CELL:
	case CELL_IDENT_BSS:
	default:
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "CELL IDENTIFIER does not specify a LAC, discarding message: %s\n",
				 gsm0808_cell_id_list_name(&cil));
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	cell_id = (struct gsm0808_cell_id){
		.id_discr = cil.id_discr,
		.id = cil.id_list[0],
	};

	/* Parse Layer 3 Information element */
	msg->l3h = (uint8_t*)ie_l3_info->val;
	msgb_l3trim(msg, ie_l3_info->len);

	if (msgb_l3len(msg) < sizeof(struct gsm48_hdr)) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "too short L3 info (%d), discarding message\n", msgb_l3len(msg));
		return -ENODATA;
	}

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_clear_request(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cause = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CAUSE);
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_CLEAR_REQUEST,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Clear Request",
	};

	if (!ie_cause) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Cause code is missing, using GSM0808_CAUSE_EQUIPMENT_FAILURE\n");
		ran_dec_msg.clear_request.bssap_cause = GSM0808_CAUSE_EQUIPMENT_FAILURE;
	} else {
		ran_dec_msg.clear_request.bssap_cause = ie_cause->val[0];
	}

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_clear_complete(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_CLEAR_COMPLETE,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Clear Complete",
	};
	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_classmark_update(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cm2 = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CLASSMARK_INFORMATION_T2);
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cm3 = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CLASSMARK_INFORMATION_T3);
	struct osmo_gsm48_classmark cm = {};
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_CLASSMARK_UPDATE,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Classmark Update",
		.classmark_update = {
			.classmark = &cm,
		},
	};

	if (!ie_cm2) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "mandatory Classmark Information Type 2 not present, discarding message\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	cm.classmark2_len = OSMO_MIN(sizeof(cm.classmark2), ie_cm2->len);
	memcpy(&cm.classmark2, ie_cm2->val, cm.classmark2_len);

	if (ie_cm3) {
		cm.classmark3_len = OSMO_MIN(sizeof(cm.classmark3), ie_cm3->len);
		memcpy(&cm.classmark3, ie_cm3->val, cm.classmark3_len);
	}

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_cipher_mode_complete(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_chosen_encr_alg = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CHOSEN_ENCR_ALG);
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_l3_msg = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_LAYER_3_MESSAGE_CONTENTS);
	int rc;
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_CIPHER_MODE_COMPLETE,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Ciphering Mode Complete",
	};

	if (ie_chosen_encr_alg) {
		uint8_t ie_val = ie_chosen_encr_alg->val[0];
		/* 3GPP TS 48.008 3.2.2.44 Chosen Encryption Algorithm encodes as 1 = no encryption, 2 = A5/1, 4 = A5/3.
		 * Internally we handle without this weird off-by-one. */
		if (ie_val < 1 || ie_val > 8)
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Unsupported value for 3.2.2.44 Chosen Encryption Algorithm: %u\n",
					 ie_val);
		else
			ran_dec_msg.cipher_mode_complete.alg_id = ie_chosen_encr_alg->val[0];
	}

	rc = ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);

	if (ie_l3_msg) {
		msg->l3h = (uint8_t*)ie_l3_msg->val;
		msgb_l3trim(msg, ie_l3_msg->len);
		ran_dec_msg = (struct ran_msg){
			.msg_type = RAN_MSG_DTAP,
			.msg_name = "BSSMAP Ciphering Mode Complete (L3 Message Contents)",
			.dtap = msg,
		};
		ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
	}

	return rc;
}

static int ran_a_decode_cipher_mode_reject(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	int rc;
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_CIPHER_MODE_REJECT,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Ciphering Mode Reject",
	};

	rc = gsm0808_get_cipher_reject_cause(tp);
	if (rc < 0) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "failed to extract Cause\n");
		ran_dec_msg.cipher_mode_reject.bssap_cause = GSM0808_CAUSE_EQUIPMENT_FAILURE;
	} else {
		ran_dec_msg.cipher_mode_reject.bssap_cause = (enum gsm0808_cause)rc;
	}

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

enum mgcp_codecs ran_a_mgcp_codec_from_sc(const struct gsm0808_speech_codec *sc)
{
	switch (sc->type) {
	case GSM0808_SCT_FR1:
		return CODEC_GSM_8000_1;
		break;
	case GSM0808_SCT_FR2:
		return CODEC_GSMEFR_8000_1;
		break;
	case GSM0808_SCT_FR3:
		return CODEC_AMR_8000_1;
		break;
	case GSM0808_SCT_FR4:
		return CODEC_AMRWB_16000_1;
		break;
	case GSM0808_SCT_FR5:
		return CODEC_AMRWB_16000_1;
		break;
	case GSM0808_SCT_HR1:
		return CODEC_GSMHR_8000_1;
		break;
	case GSM0808_SCT_HR3:
		return CODEC_AMR_8000_1;
		break;
	case GSM0808_SCT_HR4:
		return CODEC_AMRWB_16000_1;
		break;
	case GSM0808_SCT_HR6:
		return CODEC_AMRWB_16000_1;
		break;
	default:
		return CODEC_PCMU_8000_1;
		break;
	}
}

static int ran_a_decode_assignment_complete(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_aoip_transp_addr = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_AOIP_TRASP_ADDR);
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_speech_codec = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_SPEECH_CODEC);
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_osmux_cid = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_OSMO_OSMUX_CID);
	struct sockaddr_storage rtp_addr;
	struct sockaddr_in *rtp_addr_in;
	struct gsm0808_speech_codec sc;
	int rc;
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_ASSIGNMENT_COMPLETE,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Assignment Complete",
	};

	if (ie_aoip_transp_addr) {
		/* Decode AoIP transport address element */
		rc = gsm0808_dec_aoip_trasp_addr(&rtp_addr, ie_aoip_transp_addr->val, ie_aoip_transp_addr->len);
		if (rc < 0) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Unable to decode AoIP Transport Layer Address\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		rtp_addr_in = (struct sockaddr_in*)&rtp_addr;

		if (rtp_addr.ss_family != AF_INET) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Assignment Complete: IE AoIP Transport Address:"
				 " unsupported addressing scheme (only IPV4 supported)\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if (osmo_sockaddr_str_from_sockaddr_in(&ran_dec_msg.assignment_complete.remote_rtp, rtp_addr_in)) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Assignment Complete: unable to decode remote RTP IP address\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	}

	if (ie_osmux_cid) {
		rc = gsm0808_dec_osmux_cid(&ran_dec_msg.assignment_complete.osmux_cid, ie_osmux_cid->val, ie_osmux_cid->len);
		if (rc < 0) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Unable to decode Osmux CID\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		ran_dec_msg.assignment_complete.osmux_present = true;
	}

	if (ie_speech_codec) {
		/* Decode Speech Codec (Chosen) element */
		rc = gsm0808_dec_speech_codec(&sc, ie_speech_codec->val, ie_speech_codec->len);
		if (rc < 0) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Assignment Complete: unable to decode IE Speech Codec (Chosen)"
					  " (rc=%d).\n", rc);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		ran_dec_msg.assignment_complete.codec_present = true;
		ran_dec_msg.assignment_complete.codec = ran_a_mgcp_codec_from_sc(&sc);
	}

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_assignment_failure(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cause = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CAUSE);
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_rr_cause = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_RR_CAUSE);
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_speech_codec_list = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_SPEECH_CODEC_LIST);
	struct gsm0808_speech_codec_list scl;
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_ASSIGNMENT_FAILURE,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Assignment Failure",
		.assignment_failure = {
			.bssap_cause = GSM0808_CAUSE_EQUIPMENT_FAILURE,
			.rr_cause = GSM48_RR_CAUSE_ABNORMAL_UNSPEC,
		},
	};

	if (ie_cause)
		ran_dec_msg.assignment_failure.bssap_cause = ie_cause->val[0];
	if (ie_rr_cause)
		ran_dec_msg.assignment_failure.rr_cause = ie_rr_cause->val[0];

	if (ie_speech_codec_list
	    && gsm0808_dec_speech_codec_list(&scl, ie_speech_codec_list->val, ie_speech_codec_list->len) == 0)
		ran_dec_msg.assignment_failure.scl_bss_supported = &scl;

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_sapi_n_reject(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cause = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CAUSE);
	struct tlv_p_entry *ie_dlci = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_DLCI);
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_SAPI_N_REJECT,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP SAPI-N Reject",
	};

	/* Note: The MSC code seems not to care about the cause code, but by
	 * the specification it is mandatory, so we check its presence. See
	 * also 3GPP TS 48.008 3.2.1.34 SAPI "n" REJECT */
	if (!ie_cause) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "SAPI-N Reject: cause code IE is missing, discarding message\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	ran_dec_msg.sapi_n_reject.bssap_cause = ie_cause->val[0];

	if (!ie_dlci) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "SAPI-N Reject: DLCI IE is missing, discarding message\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	ran_dec_msg.sapi_n_reject.dlci = ie_dlci->val[0];

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_lcls_notification(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, const struct msgb *msg, const struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_lcls_bss_status = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_LCLS_BSS_STATUS);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_lcls_break_req = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_LCLS_BREAK_REQ);
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg;

	/* Either §3.2.2.119 LCLS-BSS-Status or §3.2.2.120 LCLS-Break-Request shall be present */
	if (ie_lcls_bss_status && !ie_lcls_break_req) {
		ran_dec_msg = (struct ran_msg){
			.msg_type = RAN_MSG_LCLS_STATUS,
			.msg_name = "BSSMAP LCLS Notification (LCLS Status)",
			.lcls_status = {
				.status = ie_lcls_bss_status->len ?
					ie_lcls_bss_status->val[0] : GSM0808_LCLS_STS_NA,
			},
		};
		return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
	} else if (ie_lcls_break_req && !ie_lcls_bss_status) {
		ran_dec_msg = (struct ran_msg){
			.msg_type = RAN_MSG_LCLS_BREAK_REQ,
			.msg_name = "BSSMAP LCLS Notification (LCLS Break Req)",
			.lcls_break_req = {
				.todo = 23,
			},
		};
		return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
	}

	LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_ERROR, "Ignoring broken LCLS Notification message\n");
	return -EINVAL;
}

static int ran_a_decode_handover_required(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, const struct msgb *msg, const struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cause = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CAUSE);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cil = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CELL_IDENTIFIER_LIST);
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUIRED,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Handover Required",
	};
	/* On decoding failures, dispatch an invalid RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUIRED so msc_a can pass down a
	 * BSS_MAP_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUIRED_REJECT	message. */

	if (ie_cause)
		ran_dec_msg.handover_required.cause = ie_cause->val[0];
	else
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Cause IE missing\n");

	if (!ie_cil
	    || gsm0808_dec_cell_id_list2(&ran_dec_msg.handover_required.cil, ie_cil->val, ie_cil->len) <= 0) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "No or invalid Cell Identifier List IE\n");
		ran_dec_msg.handover_required.cil = (struct gsm0808_cell_id_list2){};
	}

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static uint8_t a5_encryption_mask_from_gsm0808_chosen_enc_alg(enum gsm0808_chosen_enc_alg val)
{
	return 1 << val;
}

static int ran_a_decode_handover_request(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, const struct msgb *msg, const struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct osmo_gsm48_classmark classmark = {};
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUEST,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Handover Request",
		.handover_request = {
			.classmark = &classmark,
		},
	};
	struct ran_handover_request *r = &ran_dec_msg.handover_request;

	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_channel_type = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CHANNEL_TYPE);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_encryption_information = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_ENCRYPTION_INFORMATION);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_classmark1 = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CLASSMARK_INFORMATION_TYPE_1);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_classmark2 = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CLASSMARK_INFORMATION_T2);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cell_id_serving = TLVP_GET(&tp[0], GSM0808_IE_CELL_IDENTIFIER);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cell_id_target = TLVP_GET(&tp[1], GSM0808_IE_CELL_IDENTIFIER);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_cause = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CAUSE);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_classmark3 = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CLASSMARK_INFORMATION_T3);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_current_channel_type_1 = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CURRENT_CHANNEL_TYPE_1);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_speech_version_used = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_SPEECH_VERSION);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_chosen_encr_alg_serving = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CHOSEN_ENCR_ALG);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_old_bss_to_new_bss_info = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_OLD_BSS_TO_NEW_BSS_INFORMATION);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_imsi = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_IMSI);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_aoip_transp_addr = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_AOIP_TRASP_ADDR);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_codec_list_msc_preferred = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_SPEECH_CODEC_LIST);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_call_id = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CALL_ID);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_global_call_ref = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_GLOBAL_CALL_REF);

	struct gsm0808_channel_type channel_type;
	struct gsm0808_encrypt_info encr_info;
	struct gsm0808_speech_codec_list scl;
	struct geran_encr geran_encr = {};
	char imsi[OSMO_IMSI_BUF_SIZE];
	struct osmo_sockaddr_str rtp_ran_local;

	if (!ie_channel_type) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Mandatory IE missing: Channel Type\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (gsm0808_dec_channel_type(&channel_type, ie_channel_type->val, ie_channel_type->len) <= 0) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to decode Channel Type IE\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	r->geran.channel_type = &channel_type;

	if (ie_encryption_information) {
		int i;
		if (gsm0808_dec_encrypt_info(&encr_info, ie_encryption_information->val, ie_encryption_information->len)
		    <= 0) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to decode Encryption Informaiton IE\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		for (i = 0; i < encr_info.perm_algo_len; i++) {
			r->geran.a5_encryption_mask |=
				a5_encryption_mask_from_gsm0808_chosen_enc_alg(encr_info.perm_algo[i]);
		}

		if (encr_info.key_len > sizeof(geran_encr.key)) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to decode Encryption Informaiton IE:"
					  " encryption key is too long: %u\n", geran_encr.key_len);
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if (encr_info.key_len) {
			memcpy(geran_encr.key, encr_info.key, encr_info.key_len);
			geran_encr.key_len = encr_info.key_len;
		}

		r->geran.chosen_encryption = &geran_encr;
	}

	if (!ie_classmark1 && !ie_classmark2) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Mandatory IE missing: either Classmark Information 1"
				  " or Classmark Information 2 must be included\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (ie_classmark1) {
		if (ie_classmark1->len != sizeof(classmark.classmark1)) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Invalid size for Classmark 1: %u, expected %zu\n",
					  ie_classmark1->len, sizeof(classmark.classmark1));
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		memcpy((uint8_t*)&classmark.classmark1, ie_classmark1->val, ie_classmark1->len);
		classmark.classmark1_set = true;
	}

	if (ie_classmark2) {
		uint8_t len = OSMO_MIN(ie_classmark2->len, sizeof(classmark.classmark2));
		memcpy((uint8_t*)&classmark.classmark2, ie_classmark2->val, len);
		classmark.classmark2_len = len;
	}

	if (!ie_cell_id_serving) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Mandatory IE missing: Cell Identifier (Serving)\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (gsm0808_dec_cell_id(&r->cell_id_serving, ie_cell_id_serving->val,
				ie_cell_id_serving->len) <= 0) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to decode Cell Identifier (Serving) IE\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (!ie_cell_id_target) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Mandatory IE missing: Cell Identifier (Target)\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (gsm0808_dec_cell_id(&r->cell_id_target, ie_cell_id_target->val,
				ie_cell_id_target->len) <= 0) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to decode Cell Identifier (Target) IE\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (ie_cause)
		r->bssap_cause = ie_cause->val[0];

	if (ie_classmark3) {
		uint8_t len = OSMO_MIN(ie_classmark3->len, sizeof(classmark.classmark3));
		memcpy(classmark.classmark3, ie_classmark3->val, len);
		classmark.classmark3_len = len;
	}

	if (ie_current_channel_type_1) {
		r->current_channel_type_1 = ie_current_channel_type_1->val[0];
		r->current_channel_type_1_present = true;
	}

	if (ie_speech_version_used) {
		r->speech_version_used = ie_speech_version_used->val[0];
	}

	if (ie_chosen_encr_alg_serving && ie_chosen_encr_alg_serving->len) {
		geran_encr.alg_id = ie_chosen_encr_alg_serving->val[0];
		r->geran.chosen_encryption = &geran_encr;
	}

	if (ie_old_bss_to_new_bss_info) {
		r->old_bss_to_new_bss_info_raw = ie_old_bss_to_new_bss_info->val;
		r->old_bss_to_new_bss_info_raw_len = ie_old_bss_to_new_bss_info->len;
	}

	if (ie_imsi) {
		gsm48_mi_to_string(imsi, sizeof(imsi), ie_imsi->val, ie_imsi->len);
		r->imsi = imsi;
	}

	if (ie_aoip_transp_addr) {
		do {
			struct sockaddr_storage rtp_addr;
			if (gsm0808_dec_aoip_trasp_addr(&rtp_addr, ie_aoip_transp_addr->val, ie_aoip_transp_addr->len) < 0) {
				LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "unable to decode AoIP transport address\n");
				break;
			}
			if (rtp_addr.ss_family != AF_INET) {
				LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "IE AoIP Transport Address:"
						 " unsupported addressing scheme (only IPV4 supported)\n");
				break;
			}
			if (osmo_sockaddr_str_from_sockaddr_in(&rtp_ran_local, (struct sockaddr_in*)&rtp_addr)) {
				LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "unable to decode remote RTP IP address\n");
				break;
			}
			r->rtp_ran_local = &rtp_ran_local;
		} while(0);
	}

	if (ie_codec_list_msc_preferred
	    && gsm0808_dec_speech_codec_list(&scl, ie_codec_list_msc_preferred->val,
					     ie_codec_list_msc_preferred->len) == 0)
		r->codec_list_msc_preferred = &scl;

	if (ie_call_id && ie_call_id->len == 4) {
		r->call_id = osmo_load32le(ie_call_id->val);
		r->call_id_present = true;
	}

	if (ie_global_call_ref) {
		r->global_call_reference = ie_global_call_ref->val;
		r->global_call_reference_len = ie_global_call_ref->len;
	}

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_handover_request_ack(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, const struct msgb *msg, const struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUEST_ACK,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Handover Request Acknowledge",
	};
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_l3_info = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_LAYER_3_INFORMATION);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_aoip_transp_addr = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_AOIP_TRASP_ADDR);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_speech_codec = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_SPEECH_CODEC);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_chosen_channel = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CHOSEN_CHANNEL);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_chosen_encr_alg = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_CHOSEN_ENCR_ALG);
	const struct tlv_p_entry *ie_chosen_speech_version = TLVP_GET(tp, GSM0808_IE_SPEECH_VERSION);

	/* On missing mandatory IEs, dispatch an invalid RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUEST_ACK so msc_a can act on the failure. */

	if (ie_l3_info) {
		ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.rr_ho_command = ie_l3_info->val;
		ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.rr_ho_command_len = ie_l3_info->len;
	}

	if (ie_chosen_channel) {
		ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.chosen_channel_present = true;
		ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.chosen_channel = *ie_chosen_channel->val;
	}

	if (ie_chosen_encr_alg) {
		ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.chosen_encr_alg = *ie_chosen_encr_alg->val;
		if (ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.chosen_encr_alg < 1
		    || ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.chosen_encr_alg > 8) {
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "invalid Chosen Encryption Algorithm: %u\n",
					 ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.chosen_encr_alg);
		}
	}

	if (ie_chosen_speech_version) {
		struct gsm0808_speech_codec sc;
		ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.chosen_speech_version = ie_chosen_speech_version->val[0];

		/* the codec may be extrapolated from this Speech Version or below from Speech Codec */
		gsm0808_speech_codec_from_chan_type(&sc, ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.chosen_speech_version);
		ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.codec_present = true;
		ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.codec = ran_a_mgcp_codec_from_sc(&sc);
	}

	if (ie_aoip_transp_addr) {
		do {
			struct sockaddr_storage rtp_addr;
			if (gsm0808_dec_aoip_trasp_addr(&rtp_addr, ie_aoip_transp_addr->val, ie_aoip_transp_addr->len) < 0) {
				LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "unable to decode AoIP transport address\n");
				break;
			}
			if (rtp_addr.ss_family != AF_INET) {
				LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "IE AoIP Transport Address:"
						 " unsupported addressing scheme (only IPV4 supported)\n");
				break;
			}
			if (osmo_sockaddr_str_from_sockaddr_in(&ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.remote_rtp,
							  (struct sockaddr_in*)&rtp_addr)) {
				LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "unable to decode remote RTP IP address\n");
				ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.remote_rtp = (struct osmo_sockaddr_str){};
				break;
			}
		} while(0);
	}

	if (ie_speech_codec) {
		struct gsm0808_speech_codec sc;
		if (gsm0808_dec_speech_codec(&sc, ie_speech_codec->val, ie_speech_codec->len) < 0)
			LOG_RAN_A_DEC_MSG(LOGL_ERROR, "unable to decode IE Speech Codec (Chosen)\n");
		else {
			/* the codec may be extrapolated from above Speech Version or from this Speech Codec */
			ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.codec_present = true;
			ran_dec_msg.handover_request_ack.codec = ran_a_mgcp_codec_from_sc(&sc);
		}
	}

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_handover_detect(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, const struct msgb *msg, const struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_DETECT,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Handover Detect",
	};

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_handover_succeeded(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, const struct msgb *msg, const struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_SUCCEEDED,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Handover Succeeded",
	};

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_handover_complete(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, const struct msgb *msg, const struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_COMPLETE,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Handover Complete",
	};

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_handover_failure(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, const struct msgb *msg, const struct tlv_parsed *tp)
{
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_FAILURE,
		.msg_name = "BSSMAP Handover Failure",
	};

	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

static int ran_a_decode_bssmap(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *bssmap)
{
	struct tlv_parsed tp[2];
	int rc;
	struct bssmap_header *h = msgb_l2(bssmap);
	uint8_t msg_type;
	bssmap->l3h = bssmap->l2h + sizeof(*h);

	if (msgb_l3len(bssmap) < 1) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_ERROR, "No data received, discarding message\n");
		return -1;
	}

	if (msgb_l3len(bssmap) < h->length) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_ERROR, "BSSMAP data truncated, discarding message:"
			      " msgb_l3len(bssmap) == %u < bssmap_header->length == %u\n",
			      msgb_l3len(bssmap), h->length);
		return -1;
	}

	if (msgb_l3len(bssmap) > h->length) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_NOTICE, "There are %u extra bytes after the BSSMAP data, truncating:"
			      " msgb_l3len(bssmap) == %u > bssmap_header->length == %u\n",
			      msgb_l3len(bssmap) - h->length,
			      msgb_l3len(bssmap), h->length);
		msgb_l3trim(bssmap, h->length);
	}

	/* h->type == BSSAP_MSG_BSS_MANAGEMENT; h->length is the data length,
	 * which starts with the MAP msg_type, followed by IEs. */
	msg_type = bssmap->l3h[0];
	rc = osmo_bssap_tlv_parse2(tp, ARRAY_SIZE(tp), bssmap->l3h + 1, h->length - 1);
	if (rc < 0) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_ERROR, "Failed parsing TLV, discarding message\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_DEBUG, "Rx BSSMAP DT1 %s\n", gsm0808_bssmap_name(msg_type));

	switch (msg_type) {
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_COMPLETE_LAYER_3:
		return ran_a_decode_l3_compl(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_CLEAR_RQST:
		return ran_a_decode_clear_request(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_CLEAR_COMPLETE:
		return ran_a_decode_clear_complete(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_CLASSMARK_UPDATE:
		return ran_a_decode_classmark_update(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_CIPHER_MODE_COMPLETE:
		return ran_a_decode_cipher_mode_complete(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_CIPHER_MODE_REJECT:
		return ran_a_decode_cipher_mode_reject(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_ASSIGMENT_COMPLETE:
		rc = ran_a_decode_assignment_complete(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
		if (rc < 0) {
			struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
				.msg_type = RAN_MSG_ASSIGNMENT_FAILURE,
				.msg_name = "BSSMAP Assignment Complete but failed to decode",
				.clear_request = {
					.bssap_cause = GSM0808_CAUSE_EQUIPMENT_FAILURE,
				},
			};
			ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
		}
		return rc;
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_ASSIGMENT_FAILURE:
		return ran_a_decode_assignment_failure(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_SAPI_N_REJECT:
		return ran_a_decode_sapi_n_reject(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_LCLS_NOTIFICATION:
		return ran_a_decode_lcls_notification(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);

	/* From current RAN peer, the Handover origin: */
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUIRED:
		return ran_a_decode_handover_required(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);

	/* From current MSC to remote handover target MSC */
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_HANDOVER_RQST:
		return ran_a_decode_handover_request(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);

	/* From potential new RAN peer, the Handover target: */
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_HANDOVER_RQST_ACKNOWLEDGE:
		return ran_a_decode_handover_request_ack(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_HANDOVER_DETECT:
		return ran_a_decode_handover_detect(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_HANDOVER_SUCCEEDED:
		return ran_a_decode_handover_succeeded(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_HANDOVER_COMPLETE:
		return ran_a_decode_handover_complete(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);

	/* From any Handover peer: */
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_HANDOVER_FAILURE:
		return ran_a_decode_handover_failure(ran_dec, bssmap, tp);

	default:
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_ERROR, "Unimplemented msg type: %s\n", gsm0808_bssmap_name(msg_type));
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	return -EINVAL;
}

static int ran_a_decode_l3(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *l3)
{
	struct dtap_header *dtap = msgb_l2(l3);
	struct ran_msg ran_dec_msg = {
		.msg_type = RAN_MSG_DTAP,
		.msg_name = "BSSAP DTAP",
		.dtap = l3,
	};
	l3->l3h = l3->l2h + sizeof(struct dtap_header);
	OMSC_LINKID_CB(l3) = dtap->link_id;
	return ran_decoded(ran_dec, &ran_dec_msg);
}

int ran_a_decode_l2(struct ran_dec *ran_dec, struct msgb *bssap)
{
	uint8_t bssap_type;
	OSMO_ASSERT(bssap);

	if (!msgb_l2(bssap) || !msgb_l2len(bssap)) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_ERROR, "Cannot decode L2, msg->l2h is unset / empty: %s\n",
			      msgb_hexdump(bssap));
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (msgb_l2len(bssap) < sizeof(struct bssmap_header)) {
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_ERROR, "The header is too short -- discarding message\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	bssap_type = bssap->l2h[0];
	switch (bssap_type) {
	case BSSAP_MSG_BSS_MANAGEMENT:
		return ran_a_decode_bssmap(ran_dec, bssap);
	case BSSAP_MSG_DTAP:
		return ran_a_decode_l3(ran_dec, bssap);
	default:
		LOG_RAN_A_DEC(ran_dec, LOGL_ERROR, "Unimplemented BSSAP msg type: %s\n", gsm0808_bssap_name(bssap_type));
		return -EINVAL;
	}
}

static struct msgb *ran_a_wrap_dtap(struct msgb *dtap)
{
	struct msgb *an_apdu;
	dtap->l3h = dtap->data;
	an_apdu = gsm0808_create_dtap(dtap, OMSC_LINKID_CB(dtap));
	an_apdu->l2h = an_apdu->data;
	msgb_free(dtap);
	return an_apdu;
}

static int ran_a_channel_type_to_speech_codec_list(struct gsm0808_speech_codec_list *scl, const struct gsm0808_channel_type *ct)
{
	unsigned int i;
	int rc;

	memset(scl, 0, sizeof(*scl));
	for (i = 0; i < ct->perm_spch_len; i++) {
		rc = gsm0808_speech_codec_from_chan_type(&scl->codec[i], ct->perm_spch[i]);
		if (rc != 0)
			return -EINVAL;
	}
	scl->len = i;

	return 0;
}

static void _gsm0808_assignment_extend_osmux(struct msgb *msg, uint8_t cid)
{
	OSMO_ASSERT(msg->l3h[1] == msgb_l3len(msg) - 2); /*TL not in len */
	msgb_tv_put(msg, GSM0808_IE_OSMO_OSMUX_CID, cid);
	msg->l3h[1] = msgb_l3len(msg) - 2;
}

/* Compose a BSSAP Assignment Command.
 * Passing an RTP address is optional.
 * The msub is passed merely for error logging. */
static struct msgb *ran_a_make_assignment_command(struct osmo_fsm_inst *log_fi,
						  const struct ran_assignment_command *ac)
{
	struct gsm0808_speech_codec_list scl;
	struct gsm0808_speech_codec_list *use_scl = NULL;
	struct sockaddr_storage rtp_addr;
	struct sockaddr_storage *use_rtp_addr = NULL;
	struct msgb *msg;
	int rc;

	if (!ac->channel_type) {
		LOG_RAN_A_ENC(log_fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Assignment Command: missing Channel Type\n");
		return NULL;
	}

	if (ac->channel_type->ch_indctr == GSM0808_CHAN_SPEECH) {
		rc = ran_a_channel_type_to_speech_codec_list(&scl, ac->channel_type);
		if (rc < 0) {
			LOG_RAN_A_ENC(log_fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Assignment Command: Cannot translate Channel Type to Speech Codec List\n");
			return NULL;
		}
		use_scl = &scl;

		/* Package RTP-Address data */
		if (osmo_sockaddr_str_is_set(ac->cn_rtp)) {
			struct sockaddr_in rtp_addr_in;

			memset(&rtp_addr_in, 0, sizeof(rtp_addr_in));
			rtp_addr_in.sin_family = AF_INET;
			rtp_addr_in.sin_port = osmo_htons(ac->cn_rtp->port),
			rtp_addr_in.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(ac->cn_rtp->ip);

			if (rtp_addr_in.sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_NONE) {
				LOG_RAN_A_ENC(log_fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Assignment Command: Invalid RTP-Address\n");
				return NULL;
			}
			if (rtp_addr_in.sin_port == 0) {
				LOG_RAN_A_ENC(log_fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Assignment Command: Invalid RTP-Port\n");
				return NULL;
			}

			memset(&rtp_addr, 0, sizeof(rtp_addr));
			memcpy(&rtp_addr, &rtp_addr_in, sizeof(rtp_addr_in));

			use_rtp_addr = &rtp_addr;
		}
	}

	msg = gsm0808_create_ass(ac->channel_type, NULL, use_rtp_addr, use_scl, NULL);
	if (ac->osmux_present)
		_gsm0808_assignment_extend_osmux(msg, ac->osmux_cid);
	return msg;
}

/* For an A5/N number a5_n set dst to the matching GSM0808_ALG_ID_A5_<n>. */
static int a5_n_to_gsm0808_chosen_enc_alg(uint8_t *dst, int a5_n)
{
	switch (a5_n) {
	case 0:
		*dst = GSM0808_ALG_ID_A5_0;
		return 0;
	case 1:
		*dst = GSM0808_ALG_ID_A5_1;
		return 0;
	case 2:
		*dst = GSM0808_ALG_ID_A5_2;
		return 0;
	case 3:
		*dst = GSM0808_ALG_ID_A5_3;
		return 0;
	default:
		return -ENOTSUP;
	}
}

static int make_encrypt_info_perm_algo(struct osmo_fsm_inst *fi, struct gsm0808_encrypt_info *ei,
				       uint8_t a5_encryption_mask, const struct osmo_gsm48_classmark *cm)
{
	int i;
	int j = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		int supported;

		/* A5/n permitted by osmo-msc.cfg? */
		if (!(a5_encryption_mask & (1 << i)))
			continue;

		/* A5/n supported by MS? */
		supported = osmo_gsm48_classmark_supports_a5(cm, i);
		if (supported != 1)
			continue;

		if (a5_n_to_gsm0808_chosen_enc_alg(&ei->perm_algo[j], i)) {
			LOG_RAN_A_ENC(fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Not supported: A5/%d algorithm\n", i);
			return -1;
		}
		j++;
		ei->perm_algo_len = j;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* For ran_a_make_cipher_mode_command(), for
 * memcpy(ei.key, cm->vec->kc, sizeof(cm->vec->kc));
 */
osmo_static_assert(sizeof(((struct gsm0808_encrypt_info*)0)->key) >= sizeof(((struct osmo_auth_vector*)0)->kc),
		   gsm0808_encrypt_info_key_fits_osmo_auth_vec_kc);
static struct msgb *ran_a_make_cipher_mode_command(struct osmo_fsm_inst *fi, const struct ran_cipher_mode_command *cm)
{
	struct gsm0808_encrypt_info ei = {};
	char buf[16 * 2 + 1];
	const uint8_t cipher_response_mode = 1;

	if (make_encrypt_info_perm_algo(fi, &ei, cm->geran.a5_encryption_mask, cm->classmark))
		return NULL;

	if (ei.perm_algo_len == 0) {
		LOG_RAN_A_ENC(fi, LOGL_ERROR, "cannot start ciphering, no intersection between MSC-configured"
			       " and MS-supported A5 algorithms. MSC: 0x%02x  MS: %s\n",
			       cm->geran.a5_encryption_mask, osmo_gsm48_classmark_a5_name(cm->classmark));
		return NULL;
	}

	/* In case of UMTS AKA, the Kc for ciphering must be derived from the 3G auth
	 * tokens.  vec->kc was calculated from the GSM algorithm and is not
	 * necessarily a match for the UMTS AKA tokens. */
	if (cm->geran.umts_aka)
		osmo_auth_c3(ei.key, cm->vec->ck, cm->vec->ik);
	else
		memcpy(ei.key, cm->vec->kc, sizeof(cm->vec->kc));
	ei.key_len = sizeof(cm->vec->kc);

	/* Store chosen GERAN key where the caller asked it to be stored.
	 * alg_id remains unknown until we receive a Cipher Mode Complete from the BSC */
	if (cm->geran.chosen_key) {
		if (ei.key_len > sizeof(cm->geran.chosen_key->key)) {
			LOG_RAN_A_ENC(fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Chosen key is larger than I can store\n");
			return NULL;
		}
		memcpy(cm->geran.chosen_key->key, ei.key, ei.key_len);
		cm->geran.chosen_key->key_len = ei.key_len;
	}

	LOG_RAN_A_ENC(fi, LOGL_DEBUG, "Tx BSSMAP CIPHER MODE COMMAND to BSC, %u ciphers (%s) key %s\n",
		       ei.perm_algo_len, osmo_hexdump_nospc(ei.perm_algo, ei.perm_algo_len),
		       osmo_hexdump_buf(buf, sizeof(buf), ei.key, ei.key_len, NULL, false));
	return gsm0808_create_cipher(&ei, cm->geran.retrieve_imeisv ? &cipher_response_mode : NULL);
}

struct msgb *ran_a_make_handover_request(struct osmo_fsm_inst *log_fi, const struct ran_handover_request *n)
{
	struct sockaddr_storage ss;
	struct gsm0808_handover_request r = {
		.cell_identifier_serving = n->cell_id_serving,
		.cell_identifier_target = n->cell_id_target,
		.cause = n->bssap_cause,
		.current_channel_type_1_present = n->current_channel_type_1_present,
		.current_channel_type_1 = n->current_channel_type_1,

		.speech_version_used = n->speech_version_used,

		.old_bss_to_new_bss_info_raw = n->old_bss_to_new_bss_info_raw,
		.old_bss_to_new_bss_info_raw_len = n->old_bss_to_new_bss_info_raw_len,

		.imsi = n->imsi,
		.codec_list_msc_preferred = n->codec_list_msc_preferred,
		.call_id = n->call_id,
		.global_call_reference = n->global_call_reference,
		.global_call_reference_len = n->global_call_reference_len,
	};

	if (!n->geran.channel_type) {
		LOG_RAN_A_ENC(log_fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Channel Type required for encoding Handover Request in BSSAP\n");
		return NULL;
	}
	r.channel_type = *n->geran.channel_type;

	/* Encryption Information */
	make_encrypt_info_perm_algo(log_fi, &r.encryption_information, n->geran.a5_encryption_mask, n->classmark);
	if (n->geran.chosen_encryption && n->geran.chosen_encryption->key_len) {
		/* Prevent both source / destination buffer overrun / overflow */
		if (n->geran.chosen_encryption->key_len > sizeof(r.encryption_information.key)
		    || n->geran.chosen_encryption->key_len > sizeof(n->geran.chosen_encryption->key)) {
			LOG_RAN_A_ENC(log_fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Handover Request: invalid chosen encryption key size %u\n",
				       n->geran.chosen_encryption->key_len);
			return NULL;
		}
		memcpy(r.encryption_information.key,
		       n->geran.chosen_encryption->key, n->geran.chosen_encryption->key_len);
		r.encryption_information.key_len = n->geran.chosen_encryption->key_len;
		r.chosen_encryption_algorithm_serving = n->geran.chosen_encryption->alg_id;
	}

	if (n->classmark)
		r.classmark_information = *n->classmark;

	if (osmo_sockaddr_str_is_set(n->rtp_ran_local)) {
		if (osmo_sockaddr_str_to_sockaddr(n->rtp_ran_local, &ss)) {
			LOG_RAN_A_ENC(log_fi, LOGL_ERROR,
				       "Handover Request: invalid AoIP Transport Layer address/port: "
				       OSMO_SOCKADDR_STR_FMT "\n", OSMO_SOCKADDR_STR_FMT_ARGS(n->rtp_ran_local));
			return NULL;
		}
		r.aoip_transport_layer = &ss;
	}

	return gsm0808_create_handover_request(&r);
}

static struct msgb *ran_a_make_handover_request_ack(struct osmo_fsm_inst *caller_fi, const struct ran_handover_request_ack *r)
{
	struct sockaddr_storage ss;
	struct gsm0808_handover_request_ack params = {
		.l3_info = r->rr_ho_command,
		.l3_info_len = r->rr_ho_command_len,
		.chosen_channel_present = r->chosen_channel_present,
		.chosen_channel = r->chosen_channel,
		.chosen_encr_alg = r->chosen_encr_alg,
		.chosen_speech_version = r->chosen_speech_version,
	};

	if (osmo_sockaddr_str_is_set(&r->remote_rtp)) {
		osmo_sockaddr_str_to_sockaddr(&r->remote_rtp, &ss);
		params.aoip_transport_layer = &ss;
	}

	return gsm0808_create_handover_request_ack2(&params);
}

struct msgb *ran_a_make_handover_command(struct osmo_fsm_inst *log_fi, const struct ran_handover_command *n)
{
	struct gsm0808_handover_command c = {
		.l3_info = n->rr_ho_command,
		.l3_info_len = n->rr_ho_command_len,
	};

	return gsm0808_create_handover_command(&c);
}

struct msgb *ran_a_make_handover_failure(struct osmo_fsm_inst *log_fi, const struct ran_msg *msg)
{
	struct gsm0808_handover_failure params = {
		.cause = msg->handover_failure.cause,
	};
	return gsm0808_create_handover_failure(&params);
}

static struct msgb *_ran_a_encode(struct osmo_fsm_inst *caller_fi, const struct ran_msg *ran_enc_msg)
{

	LOG_RAN_A_ENC(caller_fi, LOGL_DEBUG, "%s\n", ran_msg_type_name(ran_enc_msg->msg_type));

	switch (ran_enc_msg->msg_type) {

	case RAN_MSG_DTAP:
		return ran_a_wrap_dtap(ran_enc_msg->dtap);

	case RAN_MSG_CLASSMARK_REQUEST:
		return gsm0808_create_classmark_request();

	case RAN_MSG_CLEAR_COMMAND:
		return gsm0808_create_clear_command2(ran_enc_msg->clear_command.gsm0808_cause,
						     ran_enc_msg->clear_command.csfb_ind);

	case RAN_MSG_ASSIGNMENT_COMMAND:
		return ran_a_make_assignment_command(caller_fi, &ran_enc_msg->assignment_command);

	case RAN_MSG_CIPHER_MODE_COMMAND:
		return ran_a_make_cipher_mode_command(caller_fi, &ran_enc_msg->cipher_mode_command);

	case RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUIRED_REJECT:
		return gsm0808_create_handover_required_reject(&ran_enc_msg->handover_required_reject);

	case RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUEST:
		return ran_a_make_handover_request(caller_fi, &ran_enc_msg->handover_request);

	case RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_REQUEST_ACK:
		return ran_a_make_handover_request_ack(caller_fi, &ran_enc_msg->handover_request_ack);

	case RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_COMMAND:
		return ran_a_make_handover_command(caller_fi, &ran_enc_msg->handover_command);

	case RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_SUCCEEDED:
		return gsm0808_create_handover_succeeded();

	case RAN_MSG_HANDOVER_FAILURE:
		return ran_a_make_handover_failure(caller_fi, ran_enc_msg);

	default:
		LOG_RAN_A_ENC(caller_fi, LOGL_ERROR, "Unimplemented RAN-encode message type: %s\n",
			       ran_msg_type_name(ran_enc_msg->msg_type));
		return NULL;
	}
}

struct msgb *ran_a_encode(struct osmo_fsm_inst *caller_fi, const struct ran_msg *ran_enc_msg)
{
	struct msgb *msg = _ran_a_encode(caller_fi, ran_enc_msg);

	if (!msg)
		return NULL;

	msg->l2h = msg->data;

	/* some consistency checks to ensure we don't send invalid length */
	switch (msg->l2h[0]) {
	case BSSAP_MSG_DTAP:
		OSMO_ASSERT(msgb_l2len(msg) == msg->l2h[2] + 3);
		break;
	case BSSAP_MSG_BSS_MANAGEMENT:
		OSMO_ASSERT(msgb_l2len(msg) == msg->l2h[1] + 2);
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	return msg;
}

/* Return 1 for a RESET, 2 for a RESET ACK message, 0 otherwise */
enum reset_msg_type bssmap_is_reset_msg(const struct sccp_ran_inst *sri, const struct msgb *l2)
{
	struct bssmap_header *bs = (struct bssmap_header *)msgb_l2(l2);

	if (!bs
	    || msgb_l2len(l2) < (sizeof(*bs) + 1)
	    || bs->type != BSSAP_MSG_BSS_MANAGEMENT)
		return SCCP_RAN_MSG_NON_RESET;

	switch (l2->l2h[sizeof(*bs)]) {
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_RESET:
		return SCCP_RAN_MSG_RESET;
	case BSS_MAP_MSG_RESET_ACKNOWLEDGE:
		return SCCP_RAN_MSG_RESET_ACK;
	default:
		return SCCP_RAN_MSG_NON_RESET;
	}
}

/* Patch regular BSSMAP RESET to add extra T to announce Osmux support (osmocom extension) */
static void _gsm0808_extend_announce_osmux(struct msgb *msg)
{
	OSMO_ASSERT(msg->l3h[1] == msgb_l3len(msg) - 2); /*TL not in len */
	msgb_put_u8(msg, GSM0808_IE_OSMO_OSMUX_SUPPORT);
	msg->l3h[1] = msgb_l3len(msg) - 2;
}

struct msgb *bssmap_make_reset_msg(const struct sccp_ran_inst *sri, enum reset_msg_type type)
{
	struct gsm_network *net = sri->user_data;
	struct msgb *msg;

	switch (type) {
	case SCCP_RAN_MSG_RESET:
		msg = gsm0808_create_reset();
		break;
	case SCCP_RAN_MSG_RESET_ACK:
		msg = gsm0808_create_reset_ack();
		break;
	default:
		return NULL;
	}

	if (!msg)
		return NULL;

	if (net->use_osmux != OSMUX_USAGE_OFF)
		_gsm0808_extend_announce_osmux(msg);

	return msg;
}

struct msgb *bssmap_make_paging_msg(const struct sccp_ran_inst *sri, const struct gsm0808_cell_id *page_cell_id,
				    const char *imsi, uint32_t tmsi, enum paging_cause cause)
{
	struct gsm0808_cell_id_list2 cil;
	gsm0808_cell_id_to_list(&cil, page_cell_id);
	return gsm0808_create_paging2(imsi, tmsi == GSM_RESERVED_TMSI ? NULL : &tmsi, &cil, NULL);
}

const char *bssmap_msg_name(const struct sccp_ran_inst *sri, const struct msgb *l2)
{
	struct bssmap_header *bs;

	if (!l2->l2h)
		return "?";

	bs = (struct bssmap_header *)msgb_l2(l2);
	switch (bs->type) {
	case BSSAP_MSG_BSS_MANAGEMENT:
		return gsm0808_bssmap_name(l2->l2h[0]);
	case BSSAP_MSG_DTAP:
		return "DTAP";
	default:
		return "?";
	}
}