src/gb/gprs_ns2.c

/*! \file gprs_ns2.c
 * GPRS Networks Service (NS) messages on the Gb interface.
 * 3GPP TS 08.16 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 / ETSI TS 101 299 V8.0.1 (2002-05)
 * as well as its successor 3GPP TS 48.016 */

/* (C) 2009-2018 by Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org>
 * (C) 2016-2017,2020 sysmocom - s.f.m.c. GmbH
 * Author: Alexander Couzens <lynxis@fe80.eu>
 *
 *
 * All Rights Reserved
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 *
 */

/*! \addtogroup libgb
 *  @{
 *
 * GPRS Networks Service (NS) messages on the Gb interface
 * 3GPP TS 08.16 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 / ETSI TS 101 299 V8.0.1 (2002-05)
 *
 * Some introduction into NS:  NS is used typically on top of frame relay,
 * but in the ip.access world it is encapsulated in UDP packets.  It serves
 * as an intermediate shim betwen BSSGP and the underlying medium.  It doesn't
 * do much, apart from providing congestion notification and status indication.
 *
 * Terms:
 *
 * 	NS		Network Service
 * 	NSVC		NS Virtual Connection
 * 	NSEI		NS Entity Identifier
 * 	NSVL		NS Virtual Link
 * 	NSVLI		NS Virtual Link Identifier
 * 	BVC		BSSGP Virtual Connection
 * 	BVCI		BSSGP Virtual Connection Identifier
 * 	NSVCG		NS Virtual Connection Goup
 * 	Blocked		NS-VC cannot be used for user traffic
 * 	Alive		Ability of a NS-VC to provide communication
 *
 * There can be multiple BSSGP virtual connections over one (group of) NSVC's.  BSSGP will
 * therefore identify the BSSGP virtual connection by a BVCI passed down to NS.
 * NS then has to figure out which NSVC's are responsible for this BVCI.
 * Those mappings are administratively configured.
 *
 * This implementation has the following limitations:
 * - Only one NS-VC for each NSE: No load-sharing function
 * - NSVCI 65535 and 65534 are reserved for internal use
 * - Only UDP is supported as of now, no frame relay support
 * - There are no BLOCK and UNBLOCK timers (yet?)
 *
 * \file gprs_ns2.c */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

#include <osmocom/core/fsm.h>
#include <osmocom/core/msgb.h>
#include <osmocom/core/rate_ctr.h>
#include <osmocom/core/socket.h>
#include <osmocom/core/sockaddr_str.h>
#include <osmocom/core/stats.h>
#include <osmocom/core/stat_item.h>
#include <osmocom/core/talloc.h>
#include <osmocom/gprs/gprs_msgb.h>
#include <osmocom/gsm/prim.h>
#include <osmocom/gsm/tlv.h>

#include "gprs_ns2_internal.h"

#define ns_set_state(ns_, st_) ns_set_state_with_log(ns_, st_, false, __FILE__, __LINE__)
#define ns_set_remote_state(ns_, st_) ns_set_state_with_log(ns_, st_, true, __FILE__, __LINE__)
#define ns_mark_blocked(ns_) ns_set_state(ns_, (ns_)->state | NSE_S_BLOCKED)
#define ns_mark_unblocked(ns_) ns_set_state(ns_, (ns_)->state & (~NSE_S_BLOCKED));
#define ns_mark_alive(ns_) ns_set_state(ns_, (ns_)->state | NSE_S_ALIVE)
#define ns_mark_dead(ns_) ns_set_state(ns_, (ns_)->state & (~NSE_S_ALIVE));

/* HACK: The NS_IE_IP_ADDR does not follow any known TLV rules.
 * Since it's a hard ABI break to implement 16 bit tag with fixed length entries to workaround it,
 * the parser will be called with ns_att_tlvdef1 and if it's failed with ns_att_tlvdef2.
 * The TLV parser depends on 8bit tag in many places.
 * The NS_IE_IP_ADDR is only valid for SNS_ACK SNS_ADD and SNS_DELETE.
 */
static const struct tlv_definition ns_att_tlvdef1 = {
	.def = {
		[NS_IE_CAUSE]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_VCI]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_PDU]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_BVCI]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_NSEI]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_IPv4_LIST] = { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_IPv6_LIST] = { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_MAX_NR_NSVC] = { TLV_TYPE_FIXED, 2 },
		[NS_IE_IPv4_EP_NR] = { TLV_TYPE_FIXED, 2 },
		[NS_IE_IPv6_EP_NR] = { TLV_TYPE_FIXED, 2 },
		[NS_IE_RESET_FLAG] = { TLV_TYPE_TV, 0 },
		/* NS_IE_IP_ADDR in the IPv4 version */
		[NS_IE_IP_ADDR] = { TLV_TYPE_FIXED, 5 },
	},
};

static const struct tlv_definition ns_att_tlvdef2 = {
	.def = {
		[NS_IE_CAUSE]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_VCI]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_PDU]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_BVCI]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_NSEI]	= { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_IPv4_LIST] = { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_IPv6_LIST] = { TLV_TYPE_TvLV, 0 },
		[NS_IE_MAX_NR_NSVC] = { TLV_TYPE_FIXED, 2 },
		[NS_IE_IPv4_EP_NR] = { TLV_TYPE_FIXED, 2 },
		[NS_IE_IPv6_EP_NR] = { TLV_TYPE_FIXED, 2 },
		[NS_IE_RESET_FLAG] = { TLV_TYPE_TV, 0 },
		/* NS_IE_IP_ADDR in the IPv6 version */
		[NS_IE_IP_ADDR] = { TLV_TYPE_FIXED, 17 },
	},
};


/* Section 10.3.2, Table 13 */
static const struct value_string ns2_cause_str[] = {
	{ NS_CAUSE_TRANSIT_FAIL,	"Transit network failure" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_OM_INTERVENTION, 	"O&M intervention" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_EQUIP_FAIL,		"Equipment failure" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_NSVC_BLOCKED,	"NS-VC blocked" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_NSVC_UNKNOWN,	"NS-VC unknown" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_BVCI_UNKNOWN,	"BVCI unknown" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_SEM_INCORR_PDU,	"Semantically incorrect PDU" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_PDU_INCOMP_PSTATE,	"PDU not compatible with protocol state" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_PROTO_ERR_UNSPEC,	"Protocol error, unspecified" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_INVAL_ESSENT_IE,	"Invalid essential IE" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_MISSING_ESSENT_IE,	"Missing essential IE" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_INVAL_NR_IPv4_EP,	"Invalid Number of IPv4 Endpoints" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_INVAL_NR_IPv6_EP,	"Invalid Number of IPv6 Endpoints" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_INVAL_NR_NS_VC,	"Invalid Number of NS-VCs" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_INVAL_WEIGH,		"Invalid Weights" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_UNKN_IP_EP,		"Unknown IP Endpoint" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_UNKN_IP_ADDR,	"Unknown IP Address" },
	{ NS_CAUSE_UNKN_IP_TEST_FAILED,	"IP Test Failed" },
	{ 0, NULL }
};

/*! Obtain a human-readable string for NS cause value */
const char *gprs_ns2_cause_str(int cause)
{
	enum ns_cause _cause = cause;
	return get_value_string(ns2_cause_str, _cause);
}

static const struct rate_ctr_desc nsvc_ctr_description[] = {
	{ "packets:in", "Packets at NS Level  ( In)" },
	{ "packets:out","Packets at NS Level  (Out)" },
	{ "bytes:in",	"Bytes at NS Level    ( In)" },
	{ "bytes:out",	"Bytes at NS Level    (Out)" },
	{ "blocked",	"NS-VC Block count         " },
	{ "dead",	"NS-VC gone dead count     " },
	{ "replaced",	"NS-VC replaced other count" },
	{ "nsei-chg",	"NS-VC changed NSEI count  " },
	{ "inv-nsvci",	"NS-VCI was invalid count  " },
	{ "inv-nsei",	"NSEI was invalid count    " },
	{ "lost:alive",	"ALIVE ACK missing count   " },
	{ "lost:reset",	"RESET ACK missing count   " },
};

static const struct rate_ctr_group_desc nsvc_ctrg_desc = {
	.group_name_prefix = "ns:nsvc",
	.group_description = "NSVC Peer Statistics",
	.num_ctr = ARRAY_SIZE(nsvc_ctr_description),
	.ctr_desc = nsvc_ctr_description,
	.class_id = OSMO_STATS_CLASS_PEER,
};


static const struct osmo_stat_item_desc nsvc_stat_description[] = {
	{ "alive.delay", "ALIVE response time        ", "ms", 16, 0 },
};

static const struct osmo_stat_item_group_desc nsvc_statg_desc = {
	.group_name_prefix = "ns.nsvc",
	.group_description = "NSVC Peer Statistics",
	.num_items = ARRAY_SIZE(nsvc_stat_description),
	.item_desc = nsvc_stat_description,
	.class_id = OSMO_STATS_CLASS_PEER,
};

/*! string-format a given NS-VC into a user-supplied buffer.
 *  \param[in] buf user-allocated output buffer
 *  \param[in] buf_len size of user-allocated output buffer in bytes
 *  \param[in] nsvc NS-VC to be string-formatted
 *  \return pointer to buf on success; NULL on error */
char *gprs_ns2_ll_str_buf(char *buf, size_t buf_len, struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc)
{
	struct osmo_sockaddr *local;
	struct osmo_sockaddr *remote;
	struct osmo_sockaddr_str local_str;
	struct osmo_sockaddr_str remote_str;

	if (!buf_len)
		return 0;

	switch (nsvc->ll) {
	case GPRS_NS_LL_UDP:
		if (!gprs_ns2_is_ip_bind(nsvc->bind)) {
			buf[0] = '\0';
			return buf;
		}

		local = gprs_ns2_ip_bind_sockaddr(nsvc->bind);
		remote = gprs_ns2_ip_vc_sockaddr(nsvc);
		if (osmo_sockaddr_str_from_sockaddr(&local_str, &local->u.sas))
			strcpy(local_str.ip, "invalid");
		if (osmo_sockaddr_str_from_sockaddr(&remote_str, &remote->u.sas))
			strcpy(remote_str.ip, "invalid");

		if (nsvc->nsvci_is_valid)
			snprintf(buf, buf_len, "udp)[%s]:%u<%u>[%s]:%u",
				 local_str.ip, local_str.port,
				 nsvc->nsvci,
				 remote_str.ip, remote_str.port);
		else
			snprintf(buf, buf_len, "udp)[%s]:%u<>[%s]:%u",
				 local_str.ip, local_str.port,
				 remote_str.ip, remote_str.port);
		break;
	case GPRS_NS_LL_FR_GRE:
		snprintf(buf, buf_len, "frgre)");
		break;
	case GPRS_NS_LL_E1:
		snprintf(buf, buf_len, "e1)");
		break;
	default:
		buf[0] = '\0';
		break;
	}

	buf[buf_len - 1] = '\0';

	return buf;
}

/* udp is the longest: udp)[IP6]:65536<65536>[IP6]:65536 */
#define NS2_LL_MAX_STR 4+2*(INET6_ADDRSTRLEN+9)+8

/*! string-format a given NS-VC to a thread-local static buffer.
 *  \param[in] nsvc NS-VC to be string-formatted
 *  \return pointer to the string on success; NULL on error */
const char *gprs_ns2_ll_str(struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc)
{
	static __thread char buf[NS2_LL_MAX_STR];
	return gprs_ns2_ll_str_buf(buf, sizeof(buf), nsvc);
}

/*! string-format a given NS-VC to a dynamically allocated string.
 *  \param[in] ctx talloc context from which to allocate
 *  \param[in] nsvc NS-VC to be string-formatted
 *  \return pointer to the string on success; NULL on error */
char *gprs_ns2_ll_str_c(const void *ctx, struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc)
{
	char *buf = talloc_size(ctx, NS2_LL_MAX_STR);
	if (!buf)
		return buf;
	return gprs_ns2_ll_str_buf(buf, NS2_LL_MAX_STR, nsvc);
}

/*! Receive a primitive from the NS User (Gb).
 *  \param[in] nsi NS instance to which the primitive is issued
 *  \param[in] oph The primitive
 *  \return 0 on success; negative on error */
int gprs_ns2_recv_prim(struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi, struct osmo_prim_hdr *oph)
{
	/* TODO: implement load distribution function */
	/* TODO: implement resource distribution */
	/* TODO: check for empty PDUs which can be sent to Request/Confirm
	 *       the IP endpoint */
	struct osmo_gprs_ns2_prim *nsp;
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse = NULL;
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc = NULL, *tmp;
	uint16_t bvci, nsei;
	uint8_t sducontrol = 0;

	if (oph->sap != SAP_NS)
		return -EINVAL;

	nsp = container_of(oph, struct osmo_gprs_ns2_prim, oph);

	if (oph->operation != PRIM_OP_REQUEST || oph->primitive != PRIM_NS_UNIT_DATA)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (!oph->msg)
		return -EINVAL;

	bvci = nsp->bvci;
	nsei = nsp->nsei;

	nse = gprs_ns2_nse_by_nsei(nsi, nsei);
	if (!nse)
		return -EINVAL;

	llist_for_each_entry(tmp, &nse->nsvc, list) {
		if (!gprs_ns2_vc_is_unblocked(tmp))
			continue;
		if (bvci == 0 && tmp->sig_weight == 0)
			continue;
		if (bvci != 0 && tmp->data_weight == 0)
			continue;

		nsvc = tmp;
	}

	/* TODO: send a status primitive back */
	if (!nsvc)
		return 0;

	if (nsp->u.unitdata.change == NS_ENDPOINT_REQUEST_CHANGE)
		sducontrol = 1;
	else if (nsp->u.unitdata.change == NS_ENDPOINT_CONFIRM_CHANGE)
		sducontrol = 2;

	return ns2_tx_unit_data(nsvc, bvci, sducontrol, oph->msg);
}

/*! Send a STATUS.ind primitive to the specified NS instance user.
 *  \param[in] nsi NS instance on which we operate
 *  \param[in] nsei NSEI to which the statue relates
 *  \param[in] bvci BVCI to which the status relates
 *  \param[in] cause The cause of the status */
void ns2_prim_status_ind(struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi,
			 uint16_t nsei, uint16_t bvci,
			 enum gprs_ns2_affecting_cause cause)
{
	struct osmo_gprs_ns2_prim nsp = {};
	nsp.nsei = nsei;
	nsp.bvci = bvci;
	nsp.u.status.cause = cause;
	nsp.u.status.transfer = -1;
	osmo_prim_init(&nsp.oph, SAP_NS, PRIM_NS_STATUS,
			PRIM_OP_INDICATION, NULL);
	nsi->cb(&nsp.oph, nsi->cb_data);
}

/*! Allocate a NS-VC within the given bind + NSE.
 * \param[in] bind The 'bind' on which we operate
 * \param[in] nse The NS Entity on which we operate
 * \param[in] initiater - if this is an incoming remote (!initiater) or a local outgoing connection (initater)
 * \return newly allocated NS-VC on success; NULL on error */
struct gprs_ns2_vc *ns2_vc_alloc(struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind, struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse, bool initiater)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc = talloc_zero(bind, struct gprs_ns2_vc);

	if (!nsvc)
		return NULL;

	nsvc->bind = bind;
	nsvc->nse = nse;
	nsvc->mode = bind->vc_mode;
	nsvc->sig_weight = 1;
	nsvc->data_weight = 1;

	nsvc->ctrg = rate_ctr_group_alloc(nsvc, &nsvc_ctrg_desc, bind->nsi->rate_ctr_idx);
	if (!nsvc->ctrg) {
		goto err;
	}
	nsvc->statg = osmo_stat_item_group_alloc(nsvc, &nsvc_statg_desc, bind->nsi->rate_ctr_idx);
	if (!nsvc->statg)
		goto err_group;
	if (!gprs_ns2_vc_fsm_alloc(nsvc, NULL, initiater))
		goto err_statg;

	bind->nsi->rate_ctr_idx++;

	llist_add(&nsvc->list, &nse->nsvc);
	llist_add(&nsvc->blist, &bind->nsvc);

	return nsvc;

err_statg:
	osmo_stat_item_group_free(nsvc->statg);
err_group:
	rate_ctr_group_free(nsvc->ctrg);
err:
	talloc_free(nsvc);

	return NULL;
}

/*! Destroy/release given NS-VC.
 *  \param[in] nsvc NS-VC to destroy */
void gprs_ns2_free_nsvc(struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc)
{
	if (!nsvc)
		return;

	ns2_prim_status_ind(nsvc->nse->nsi, nsvc->nse->nsei,
			    0, NS_AFF_CAUSE_VC_FAILURE);

	llist_del(&nsvc->list);
	llist_del(&nsvc->blist);

	/* notify nse this nsvc is unavailable */
	ns2_nse_notify_unblocked(nsvc, false);

	/* check if sns is using this VC */
	ns2_sns_free_nsvc(nsvc);
	osmo_fsm_inst_term(nsvc->fi, OSMO_FSM_TERM_REQUEST, NULL);

	/* let the driver/bind clean up it's internal state */
	if (nsvc->priv && nsvc->bind->free_vc)
		nsvc->bind->free_vc(nsvc);

	osmo_stat_item_group_free(nsvc->statg);
	rate_ctr_group_free(nsvc->ctrg);

	talloc_free(nsvc);
}

/*! Allocate a message buffer for use with the NS2 stack. */
struct msgb *gprs_ns2_msgb_alloc(void)
{
	struct msgb *msg = msgb_alloc_headroom(NS_ALLOC_SIZE, NS_ALLOC_HEADROOM,
					       "GPRS/NS");
	if (!msg) {
		LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to allocate NS message of size %d\n",
			NS_ALLOC_SIZE);
	}
	return msg;
}

/*! Create a status message to be sent over a new connection.
 *  \param[in] orig_msg the original message
 *  \param[in] tp TLVP parsed of the original message
 *  \param[out] reject callee-allocated message buffer of the generated NS-STATUS
 *  \param[in] cause Cause for the rejection
 *  \return 0 on success */
static int reject_status_msg(struct msgb *orig_msg, struct tlv_parsed *tp, struct msgb **reject, enum ns_cause cause)
{
	struct msgb *msg = gprs_ns2_msgb_alloc();
	struct gprs_ns_hdr *nsh;
	bool have_vci = false;
	uint8_t _cause = cause;
	uint16_t nsei = 0;

	if (!msg)
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (TLVP_PRESENT(tp, NS_IE_NSEI)) {
		nsei = tlvp_val16be(tp, NS_IE_NSEI);

		LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_NOTICE, "NSEI=%u Rejecting message without NSVCI. Tx NS STATUS (cause=%s)\n",
		     nsei, gprs_ns2_cause_str(cause));
	}

	msg->l2h = msgb_put(msg, sizeof(*nsh));
	nsh = (struct gprs_ns_hdr *) msg->l2h;
	nsh->pdu_type = NS_PDUT_STATUS;

	msgb_tvlv_put(msg, NS_IE_CAUSE, 1, &_cause);
	have_vci = TLVP_PRESENT(tp, NS_IE_VCI);

	/* Section 9.2.7.1: Static conditions for NS-VCI */
	if (cause == NS_CAUSE_NSVC_BLOCKED ||
	    cause == NS_CAUSE_NSVC_UNKNOWN) {
		if (!have_vci) {
			msgb_free(msg);
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		msgb_tvlv_put(msg, NS_IE_VCI, 2, TLVP_VAL(tp, NS_IE_VCI));
	}

	/* Section 9.2.7.2: Static conditions for NS PDU */
	switch (cause) {
	case NS_CAUSE_SEM_INCORR_PDU:
	case NS_CAUSE_PDU_INCOMP_PSTATE:
	case NS_CAUSE_PROTO_ERR_UNSPEC:
	case NS_CAUSE_INVAL_ESSENT_IE:
	case NS_CAUSE_MISSING_ESSENT_IE:
		msgb_tvlv_put(msg, NS_IE_PDU, msgb_l2len(orig_msg),
			      orig_msg->l2h);
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	*reject = msg;
	return 0;
}

/*! Resolve a NS Entity based on its NSEI.
 *  \param[in] nsi NS Instance in which we do the look-up
 *  \param[in] nsei NSEI to look up
 *  \return NS Entity in successful case; NULL if none found */
struct gprs_ns2_nse *gprs_ns2_nse_by_nsei(struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi, uint16_t nsei)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse;

	llist_for_each_entry(nse, &nsi->nse, list) {
		if (nse->nsei == nsei)
			return nse;
	}

	return NULL;
}

/*! Resolve a NS-VC Entity based on its NS-VCI.
 *  \param[in] nsi NS Instance in which we do the look-up
 *  \param[in] nsvci NS-VCI to look up
 *  \return NS-VC Entity in successful case; NULL if none found */
struct gprs_ns2_vc *gprs_ns2_nsvc_by_nsvci(struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi, uint16_t nsvci)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse;
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc;

	llist_for_each_entry(nse, &nsi->nse, list) {
		llist_for_each_entry(nsvc, &nse->nsvc, list) {
			if (nsvc->nsvci_is_valid && nsvc->nsvci == nsvci)
				return nsvc;
		}
	}

	return NULL;
}

/*! Create a NS Entity within given NS instance.
 *  \param[in] nsi NS instance in which to create NS Entity
 *  \param[in] nsei NS Entity Identifier of to-be-created NSE
 *  \returns newly-allocated NS-E in successful case; NULL on error */
struct gprs_ns2_nse *gprs_ns2_create_nse(struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi, uint16_t nsei)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse;

	nse = gprs_ns2_nse_by_nsei(nsi, nsei);
	if (nse) {
		LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_ERROR, "NSEI:%u Can not create a NSE with already taken NSEI\n", nsei);
		return nse;
	}

	nse = talloc_zero(nsi, struct gprs_ns2_nse);
	if (!nse)
		return NULL;

	nse->nsei = nsei;
	nse->nsi = nsi;
	llist_add(&nse->list, &nsi->nse);
	INIT_LLIST_HEAD(&nse->nsvc);

	return nse;
}

/*! Destroy given NS Entity.
 *  \param[in] nse NS Entity to destroy */
void gprs_ns2_free_nse(struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc, *tmp;

	if (!nse)
		return;

	llist_for_each_entry_safe(nsvc, tmp, &nse->nsvc, list) {
		gprs_ns2_free_nsvc(nsvc);
	}

	ns2_prim_status_ind(nse->nsi, nse->nsei,
			    0, NS_AFF_CAUSE_FAILURE);

	llist_del(&nse->list);
	if (nse->bss_sns_fi)
		osmo_fsm_inst_term(nse->bss_sns_fi, OSMO_FSM_TERM_REQUEST, NULL);
	talloc_free(nse);
}

static inline int ns2_tlv_parse(struct tlv_parsed *dec,
			 const uint8_t *buf, int buf_len, uint8_t lv_tag,
			 uint8_t lv_tag2)
{
	/* workaround for NS_IE_IP_ADDR not following any known TLV rules.
	 * See comment of ns_att_tlvdef1. */
	int rc = tlv_parse(dec, &ns_att_tlvdef1, buf, buf_len, lv_tag, lv_tag2);
	if (rc < 0)
		return tlv_parse(dec, &ns_att_tlvdef2, buf, buf_len, lv_tag, lv_tag2);
	return rc;
}


/*! Create a new NS-VC based on a [received] message. Depending on the bind it might create a NSE.
 *  \param[in] bind the bind through which msg was received
 *  \param[in] msg the actual received message
 *  \param[in] logname A name to describe the VC. E.g. ip address pair
 *  \param[out] reject A message filled to be sent back. Only used in failure cases.
 *  \param[out] success A pointer which will be set to the new VC on success
 *  \return enum value indicating the status, e.g. GPRS_NS2_CS_CREATED */
enum gprs_ns2_cs ns2_create_vc(struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind,
			       struct msgb *msg,
			       const char *logname,
			       struct msgb **reject,
			       struct gprs_ns2_vc **success)
{
	struct gprs_ns_hdr *nsh = (struct gprs_ns_hdr *)msg->l2h;
	struct tlv_parsed tp;
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc;
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse;
	uint16_t nsvci;
	uint16_t nsei;

	int rc;

	if (msg->len < sizeof(struct gprs_ns_hdr))
		return GPRS_NS2_CS_ERROR;

	if (nsh->pdu_type == NS_PDUT_STATUS) {
		/* Do not respond, see 3GPP TS 08.16, 7.5.1 */
		LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_INFO, "Ignoring NS STATUS from %s "
		     "for non-existing NS-VC\n",
		     logname);
		return GPRS_NS2_CS_SKIPPED;
	}

	if (nsh->pdu_type == NS_PDUT_ALIVE_ACK) {
		/* Ignore this, see 3GPP TS 08.16, 7.4.1 */
		LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_INFO, "Ignoring NS ALIVE ACK from %s "
		     "for non-existing NS-VC\n",
		     logname);
		return GPRS_NS2_CS_SKIPPED;
	}

	if (nsh->pdu_type == NS_PDUT_RESET_ACK) {
		/* Ignore this, see 3GPP TS 08.16, 7.3.1 */
		LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_INFO, "Ignoring NS RESET ACK from %s "
		     "for non-existing NS-VC\n",
		     logname);
		return GPRS_NS2_CS_SKIPPED;
	}

	if (bind->vc_mode == NS2_VC_MODE_BLOCKRESET) {
		/* Only the RESET procedure creates a new NSVC */
		if (nsh->pdu_type != NS_PDUT_RESET) {
			rc = reject_status_msg(msg, &tp, reject, NS_CAUSE_PDU_INCOMP_PSTATE);

			if (rc < 0) {
				LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to generate reject message (%d)\n", rc);
				return rc;
			}
			return GPRS_NS2_CS_REJECTED;
		}
	} else { /* NS2_VC_MODE_ALIVE */
		/* Only the ALIVE procedure creates a new NSVC */
		if (nsh->pdu_type != NS_PDUT_ALIVE) {
			rc = reject_status_msg(msg, &tp, reject, NS_CAUSE_PDU_INCOMP_PSTATE);

			if (rc < 0) {
				LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to generate reject message (%d)\n", rc);
				return rc;
			}
			return GPRS_NS2_CS_REJECTED;
		}
	}

	rc = ns2_tlv_parse(&tp, nsh->data,
			   msgb_l2len(msg) - sizeof(*nsh), 0, 0);
	if (rc < 0) {
		LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_ERROR, "Rx NS RESET Error %d during "
		     "TLV Parse\n", rc);
		/* TODO: send invalid message back */
		return GPRS_NS2_CS_REJECTED;
	}

	if (bind->vc_mode == NS2_VC_MODE_BLOCKRESET) {
		if (!TLVP_PRESENT(&tp, NS_IE_CAUSE) ||
				!TLVP_PRESENT(&tp, NS_IE_VCI) || !TLVP_PRESENT(&tp, NS_IE_NSEI)) {
			LOGP(DLNS, LOGL_ERROR, "NS RESET Missing mandatory IE\n");
			rc = reject_status_msg(msg, &tp, reject, NS_CAUSE_MISSING_ESSENT_IE);
			return GPRS_NS2_CS_REJECTED;
		}
	}

	/* find or create NSE */
	nsei  = tlvp_val16be(&tp, NS_IE_NSEI);
	nse = gprs_ns2_nse_by_nsei(bind->nsi, nsei);
	if (!nse) {
		if (!bind->nsi->create_nse) {
			return GPRS_NS2_CS_SKIPPED;
		}

		nse = gprs_ns2_create_nse(bind->nsi, nsei);
		if (!nse) {
			return GPRS_NS2_CS_ERROR;
		}
	}

	nsvc = ns2_vc_alloc(bind, nse, false);
	if (!nsvc)
		return GPRS_NS2_CS_SKIPPED;

	nsvc->ll = GPRS_NS_LL_UDP;

	nsvci = tlvp_val16be(&tp, NS_IE_VCI);
	nsvc->nsvci = nsvci;
	nsvc->nsvci_is_valid = true;

	*success = nsvc;

	return GPRS_NS2_CS_CREATED;
}

/*! Create, and connect an inactive, new IP-based NS-VC
 *  \param[in] bind bind in which the new NS-VC is to be created
 *  \param[in] remote remote address to which to connect
 *  \param[in] nse NS Entity in which the NS-VC is to be created
 *  \param[in] nsvci is only required when bind->vc_mode == NS2_VC_MODE_BLOCKRESET
 *  \return pointer to newly-allocated, connected and inactive NS-VC; NULL on error */
struct gprs_ns2_vc *gprs_ns2_ip_connect_inactive(struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind,
					struct osmo_sockaddr *remote,
					struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse,
					uint16_t nsvci)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc;

	nsvc = gprs_ns2_ip_bind_connect(bind, nse, remote);
	if (!nsvc)
		return NULL;

	if (nsvc->mode == NS2_VC_MODE_BLOCKRESET) {
		nsvc->nsvci = nsvci;
		nsvc->nsvci_is_valid = true;
	}

	return nsvc;
}

/*! Create, connect and activate a new IP-based NS-VC
 *  \param[in] bind bind in which the new NS-VC is to be created
 *  \param[in] remote remote address to which to connect
 *  \param[in] nse NS Entity in which the NS-VC is to be created
 *  \param[in] nsvci is only required when bind->vc_mode == NS2_VC_MODE_BLOCKRESET
 *  \return pointer to newly-allocated, connected and activated NS-VC; NULL on error */
struct gprs_ns2_vc *gprs_ns2_ip_connect(struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind,
					struct osmo_sockaddr *remote,
					struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse,
					uint16_t nsvci)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc;
	nsvc = gprs_ns2_ip_connect_inactive(bind, remote, nse, nsvci);
	if (!nsvc)
		return NULL;

	gprs_ns2_vc_fsm_start(nsvc);

	return nsvc;
}

/*! Create, connect and activate a new IP-based NS-VC
 *  \param[in] bind bind in which the new NS-VC is to be created
 *  \param[in] remote remote address to which to connect
 *  \param[in] nsei NSEI of the NS Entity in which the NS-VC is to be created
 *  \param[in] nsvci is only required when bind->vc_mode == NS2_VC_MODE_BLOCKRESET
 *  \return pointer to newly-allocated, connected and activated NS-VC; NULL on error */
struct gprs_ns2_vc *gprs_ns2_ip_connect2(struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind,
					 struct osmo_sockaddr *remote,
					 uint16_t nsei,
					 uint16_t nsvci)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse = gprs_ns2_nse_by_nsei(bind->nsi, nsei);

	if (!nse) {
		nse = gprs_ns2_create_nse(bind->nsi, nsei);
		if (!nse)
			return NULL;
	}

	return gprs_ns2_ip_connect(bind, remote, nse, nsvci);
}

/*! Create, connect and activate a new IP-SNS NSE.
 *  \param[in] bind bind in which the new NS-VC is to be created
 *  \param[in] remote remote address to which to connect
 *  \param[in] nsei NSEI of the NS Entity in which the NS-VC is to be created
 *  \return 0 on success; negative on error */
int gprs_ns2_ip_connect_sns(struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind,
			    struct osmo_sockaddr *remote,
			    uint16_t nsei)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse = gprs_ns2_nse_by_nsei(bind->nsi, nsei);
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc;

	if (!nse) {
		nse = gprs_ns2_create_nse(bind->nsi, nsei);
		if (!nse)
			return -1;
	}

	nsvc = gprs_ns2_ip_bind_connect(bind, nse, remote);
	if (!nsvc)
		return -1;

	if (!nse->bss_sns_fi)
		nse->bss_sns_fi = ns2_sns_bss_fsm_alloc(nse, NULL);

	if (!nse->bss_sns_fi)
		return -1;

	return ns2_sns_bss_fsm_start(nse, nsvc, remote);
}

/*! Find NS-VC for given socket address.
 *  \param[in] nse NS Entity in which to search
 *  \param[in] sockaddr socket address to search for
 *  \return NS-VC matching sockaddr; NULL if none found */
struct gprs_ns2_vc *gprs_ns2_nsvc_by_sockaddr(struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse,
					      struct osmo_sockaddr *sockaddr)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc;
	struct osmo_sockaddr *remote;

	OSMO_ASSERT(nse);
	OSMO_ASSERT(sockaddr);

	llist_for_each_entry(nsvc, &nse->nsvc, list) {
		remote = gprs_ns2_ip_vc_sockaddr(nsvc);
		if (!osmo_sockaddr_cmp(sockaddr, remote))
			return nsvc;
	}

	return NULL;
}


/*! Bottom-side entry-point for received NS PDU from the driver/bind
 * \param[in] nsi NS instance
 * \param[in] nsvc NS-VC for which the message was received
 * \param msg the received message. Ownership is trasnferred, caller must not free it!
 * \return 0 on success; negative on error */
int ns2_recv_vc(struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi,
		struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc,
		struct msgb *msg)
{
	struct gprs_ns_hdr *nsh = (struct gprs_ns_hdr *) msg->l2h;
	struct tlv_parsed tp;
	int rc = 0;

	if (msg->len < sizeof(struct gprs_ns_hdr))
		return -EINVAL;

	switch (nsh->pdu_type) {
	case SNS_PDUT_CONFIG:
		/* one additional byte ('end flag') before the TLV part starts */
		rc = ns2_tlv_parse(&tp, nsh->data+1,
				   msgb_l2len(msg) - sizeof(*nsh)-1, 0, 0);
		if (rc < 0) {
			LOGPC(DLNS, LOGL_NOTICE, "Error during TLV Parse in %s\n", msgb_hexdump(msg));
			return rc;
		}
		/* All sub-network service related message types */
		rc = gprs_ns2_sns_rx(nsvc, msg, &tp);
		break;
	case SNS_PDUT_ACK:
	case SNS_PDUT_ADD:
	case SNS_PDUT_CHANGE_WEIGHT:
	case SNS_PDUT_DELETE:
		/* weird layout: NSEI TLV, then value-only transaction IE, then TLV again */
		rc = ns2_tlv_parse(&tp, nsh->data+1,
				   msgb_l2len(msg) - sizeof(*nsh)-1, 0, 0);
		if (rc < 0) {
			LOGPC(DLNS, LOGL_NOTICE, "Error during TLV Parse in %s\n", msgb_hexdump(msg));
			return rc;
		}
		tp.lv[NS_IE_NSEI].val = nsh->data+2;
		tp.lv[NS_IE_NSEI].len = 2;
		tp.lv[NS_IE_TRANS_ID].val = nsh->data+4;
		tp.lv[NS_IE_TRANS_ID].len = 1;
		rc = gprs_ns2_sns_rx(nsvc, msg, &tp);
		break;
	case SNS_PDUT_CONFIG_ACK:
	case SNS_PDUT_SIZE:
	case SNS_PDUT_SIZE_ACK:
		rc = ns2_tlv_parse(&tp, nsh->data,
				   msgb_l2len(msg) - sizeof(*nsh), 0, 0);
		if (rc < 0) {
			LOGPC(DLNS, LOGL_NOTICE, "Error during TLV Parse in %s\n", msgb_hexdump(msg));
			return rc;
		}
		/* All sub-network service related message types */
		rc = gprs_ns2_sns_rx(nsvc, msg, &tp);
		break;

	case NS_PDUT_UNITDATA:
		rc = gprs_ns2_vc_rx(nsvc, msg, NULL);
		break;
	default:
		rc = ns2_tlv_parse(&tp, nsh->data,
				   msgb_l2len(msg) - sizeof(*nsh), 0, 0);
		if (rc < 0) {
			LOGPC(DLNS, LOGL_NOTICE, "Error during TLV Parse\n");
			if (nsh->pdu_type != NS_PDUT_STATUS)
				ns2_tx_status(nsvc, NS_CAUSE_PROTO_ERR_UNSPEC, 0, msg);
			return rc;
		}
		rc = gprs_ns2_vc_rx(nsvc, msg, &tp);
		break;
	}

	return rc;
}

/*! Notify a nse about the change of a NS-VC.
 *  \param[in] nsvc NS-VC which has detected the change (and shall not be notified).
 *  \param[in] unblocked whether the NSE should be marked as unblocked (true) or blocked (false) */
void ns2_nse_notify_unblocked(struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc, bool unblocked)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse = nsvc->nse;
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *tmp;

	if (unblocked == nse->alive)
		return;

	if (unblocked) {
		/* this is the first unblocked NSVC on an unavailable NSE */
		nse->alive = true;
		ns2_prim_status_ind(nse->nsi, nse->nsei,
				    0, NS_AFF_CAUSE_RECOVERY);
		return;
	}

	/* check if there are any remaining alive vcs */
	llist_for_each_entry(tmp, &nse->nsvc, list) {
		if (tmp == nsvc)
			continue;

		if (gprs_ns2_vc_is_unblocked(tmp)) {
			/* there is at least one remaining alive NSVC */
			return;
		}
	}

	/* nse became unavailable */
	nse->alive = false;
	ns2_prim_status_ind(nse->nsi, nse->nsei,
			    0, NS_AFF_CAUSE_FAILURE);
}

/*! Create a new GPRS NS instance
 *  \param[in] ctx a talloc context to allocate NS instance from
 *  \param[in] cb Call-back function for dispatching primitives to the user
 *  \param[in] cb_data transparent user data passed to Call-back
 *  \returns dynamically allocated gprs_ns_inst; NULL on error */
struct gprs_ns2_inst *gprs_ns2_instantiate(void *ctx, osmo_prim_cb cb, void *cb_data)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi;

	nsi = talloc_zero(ctx, struct gprs_ns2_inst);
	if (!nsi)
		return NULL;

	nsi->cb = cb;
	nsi->cb_data = cb_data;
	INIT_LLIST_HEAD(&nsi->binding);
	INIT_LLIST_HEAD(&nsi->nse);

	nsi->timeout[NS_TOUT_TNS_BLOCK] = 3;
	nsi->timeout[NS_TOUT_TNS_BLOCK_RETRIES] = 3;
	nsi->timeout[NS_TOUT_TNS_RESET] = 3;
	nsi->timeout[NS_TOUT_TNS_RESET_RETRIES] = 3;
	nsi->timeout[NS_TOUT_TNS_TEST] = 30;
	nsi->timeout[NS_TOUT_TNS_ALIVE] = 3;
	nsi->timeout[NS_TOUT_TNS_ALIVE_RETRIES] = 10;
	nsi->timeout[NS_TOUT_TSNS_PROV] = 3; /* 1..10 */

	return nsi;
}

/*! Destroy a NS Instance (including all its NSEs, binds, ...).
 *  \param[in] nsi NS instance to destroy */
void gprs_ns2_free(struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind, *tbind;
	struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse, *ntmp;

	if (!nsi)
		return;

	llist_for_each_entry_safe(nse, ntmp, &nsi->nse, list) {
		gprs_ns2_free_nse(nse);
	}

	llist_for_each_entry_safe(bind, tbind, &nsi->binding, list) {
		gprs_ns2_free_bind(bind);
	}
}

/*! Configure whether a NS Instance should dynamically create NSEs based on incoming traffic.
 *  \param nsi the instance to modify
 *  \param create_nse if NSE can be created on receiving package. SGSN set this.
 *  \return 0 on success; negative on error
 */
int gprs_ns2_dynamic_create_nse(struct gprs_ns2_inst *nsi, bool create_nse)
{
	nsi->create_nse = create_nse;

	return 0;
}

/*! Start the NS-ALIVE FSM in all NS-VCs of given NSE.
 *  \param[in] nse NS Entity in whihc to start NS-ALIVE FSMs */
void gprs_ns2_start_alive_all_nsvcs(struct gprs_ns2_nse *nse)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc;
	OSMO_ASSERT(nse);

	llist_for_each_entry(nsvc, &nse->nsvc, list) {
		if (nsvc->sns_only)
			continue;

		gprs_ns2_vc_fsm_start(nsvc);
	}
}

/*! Set the mode of given bind.
 *  \param[in] bind the bind we want to set the mode of
 *  \param[in] modde mode to set bind to */
void gprs_ns2_bind_set_mode(struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind, enum gprs_ns2_vc_mode mode)
{
	bind->vc_mode = mode;
}

/*! Destroy a given bind.
 *  \param[in] bind the bind we want to destroy */
void gprs_ns2_free_bind(struct gprs_ns2_vc_bind *bind)
{
	struct gprs_ns2_vc *nsvc, *tmp;
	if (!bind)
		return;

	llist_for_each_entry_safe(nsvc, tmp, &bind->nsvc, blist) {
		gprs_ns2_free_nsvc(nsvc);
	}

	if (bind->driver->free_bind)
		bind->driver->free_bind(bind);

	llist_del(&bind->list);
	talloc_free(bind);
}
/*! @} */