libasn1compiler/asn1c_C.c

/*
 * Don't look into this file. First, because it's a mess, and second, because
 * it's a brain of the compiler, and you don't wanna mess with brains do you? ;)
 */
#include "asn1c_internal.h"
#include "asn1c_C.h"
#include "asn1c_constraint.h"
#include "asn1c_out.h"
#include "asn1c_misc.h"
#include <asn1fix_export.h>	/* Stuff exported by libasn1fix */

typedef struct tag2el_s {
	struct asn1p_type_tag_s el_tag;
	int el_no;
	int toff_first;
	int toff_last;
	asn1p_expr_t *from_expr;
} tag2el_t;

typedef enum fte {
	FTE_ALLTAGS,
	FTE_CANONICAL_XER,
} fte_e;
static int _fill_tag2el_map(arg_t *arg, tag2el_t **tag2el, int *count, int el_no, fte_e flags);
static int _add_tag2el_member(arg_t *arg, tag2el_t **tag2el, int *count, int el_no, fte_e flags);

enum onc_flags {
	ONC_noflags		= 0x00,
	ONC_avoid_keywords	= 0x01,
	ONC_force_compound_name	= 0x02,
};
static int out_name_chain(arg_t *arg, enum onc_flags);
static int asn1c_lang_C_type_SEQUENCE_def(arg_t *arg);
static int asn1c_lang_C_type_SET_def(arg_t *arg);
static int asn1c_lang_C_type_CHOICE_def(arg_t *arg);
static int asn1c_lang_C_type_SEx_OF_def(arg_t *arg, int seq_of);
static int _print_tag(arg_t *arg, struct asn1p_type_tag_s *tag_p);
static int check_if_extensible(asn1p_expr_t *expr);
static int expr_better_indirect(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr);
static int expr_as_xmlvaluelist(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr);
static int expr_elements_count(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr);
static int emit_member_table(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr);
static int emit_tag2member_map(arg_t *arg, tag2el_t *tag2el, int tag2el_count, const char *opt_modifier);
static int emit_include_dependencies(arg_t *arg);

enum tvm_compat {
	_TVM_SAME	= 0,	/* tags and all_tags are same */
	_TVM_SUBSET	= 1,	/* tags are subset of all_tags */
	_TVM_DIFFERENT	= 2,	/* tags and all_tags are different */
};
static enum tvm_compat emit_tags_vectors(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr, int *tc, int *atc);

enum etd_spec {
	ETD_NO_SPECIFICS,
	ETD_HAS_SPECIFICS
};
static int emit_type_DEF(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr, enum tvm_compat tv_mode, int tags_count, int all_tags_count, int elements_count, enum etd_spec);

#define	C99_MODE	(!(arg->flags & A1C_NO_C99))
#define	UNNAMED_UNIONS	(arg->flags & A1C_UNNAMED_UNIONS)
#define	HIDE_INNER_DEFS	(arg->embed && !(arg->flags & A1C_ALL_DEFS_GLOBAL))

#define	PCTX_DEF INDENTED(		\
	OUT("\n");			\
	OUT("/* Context for parsing across buffer boundaries */\n");	\
	OUT("asn_struct_ctx_t _asn_ctx;\n"));


#define	DEPENDENCIES	do {						\
	emit_include_dependencies(arg);					\
	if(expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SET_OF)			\
		GEN_INCLUDE("asn_SET_OF");				\
	if(expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SEQUENCE_OF)			\
		GEN_INCLUDE("asn_SEQUENCE_OF");				\
} while(0)

/* MKID_safe() without checking for reserved keywords */
#define	MKID(id)	asn1c_make_identifier(0, (id), 0)
#define	MKID_safe(id)	asn1c_make_identifier(AMI_CHECK_RESERVED, (id), 0)

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_REAL(arg_t *arg) {
	return asn1c_lang_C_type_SIMPLE_TYPE(arg);
}

struct value2enum {
	asn1c_integer_t	 value;
	const char	*name;
	int		 idx;
};
static int compar_enumMap_byName(const void *ap, const void *bp) {
	const struct value2enum *a = (const struct value2enum *)ap;
	const struct value2enum *b = (const struct value2enum *)bp;
	return strcmp(a->name, b->name);
}
static int compar_enumMap_byValue(const void *ap, const void *bp) {
	const struct value2enum *a = (const struct value2enum *)ap;
	const struct value2enum *b = (const struct value2enum *)bp;
	if(a->value < b->value)
		return -1;
	else if(a->value == b->value)
		return 0;
	return 1;
}

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_common_INTEGER(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int el_count = expr_elements_count(arg, expr);
	struct value2enum *v2e;
	int map_is_extensible = (expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_INTEGER);
	int eidx;

	v2e = alloca((el_count + 1) * sizeof(*v2e));

	/*
	 * For all ENUMERATED types and for those INTEGER types which
	 * have identifiers, print out an enumeration table.
	 */
	if(expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED || el_count) {
		eidx = 0;
		REDIR(OT_DEPS);
		OUT("typedef enum ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(" {\n");
		TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
			switch(v->expr_type) {
			case A1TC_UNIVERVAL:
				OUT("\t");
				out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
				OUT("_%s", MKID(v->Identifier));
				OUT("\t= %" PRIdASN "%s\n",
					v->value->value.v_integer,
					(eidx+1 < el_count) ? "," : "");
				v2e[eidx].name = v->Identifier;
				v2e[eidx].value = v->value->value.v_integer;
				eidx++;
				break;
			case A1TC_EXTENSIBLE:
				OUT("\t/*\n");
				OUT("\t * Enumeration is extensible\n");
				OUT("\t */\n");
				map_is_extensible = 1;
				break;
			default:
				return -1;
			}
		}
		OUT("} ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
		OUT("_e;\n");
		assert(eidx == el_count);
	}

	/*
	 * For all ENUMERATED types print out a mapping table
	 * between identifiers and associated values.
	 * This is prohibited for INTEGER types by by X.693:8.3.4.
	 */
	if(expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED) {

		/*
		 * Generate a enumerationName<->value map for XER codec.
		 */
		REDIR(OT_STAT_DEFS);

		OUT("static asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t asn_MAP_%s_%d_value2enum[] = {\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
		qsort(v2e, el_count, sizeof(v2e[0]), compar_enumMap_byValue);
		for(eidx = 0; eidx < el_count; eidx++) {
			v2e[eidx].idx = eidx;
			OUT("\t{ %" PRIdASN ",\t%ld,\t\"%s\" }%s\n",
				v2e[eidx].value,
				(long)strlen(v2e[eidx].name), v2e[eidx].name,
				(eidx + 1 < el_count) ? "," : "");
		}
		if(map_is_extensible)
			OUT("\t/* This list is extensible */\n");
		OUT("};\n");

		OUT("static unsigned int asn_MAP_%s_%d_enum2value[] = {\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
		qsort(v2e, el_count, sizeof(v2e[0]), compar_enumMap_byName);
		for(eidx = 0; eidx < el_count; eidx++) {
			OUT("\t%d%s\t/* %s(%" PRIdASN ") */\n",
				v2e[eidx].idx,
				(eidx + 1 < el_count) ? "," : "",
				v2e[eidx].name, v2e[eidx].value);
		}
		if(map_is_extensible)
			OUT("\t/* This list is extensible */\n");
		OUT("};\n");

		OUT("static asn_INTEGER_specifics_t asn_SPC_%s_%d_specs = {\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
		INDENT(+1);
		OUT("asn_MAP_%s_%d_value2enum,\t"
			"/* \"tag\" => N; sorted by tag */\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier),
			expr->_type_unique_index);
		OUT("asn_MAP_%s_%d_enum2value,\t"
			"/* N => \"tag\"; sorted by N */\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier),
			expr->_type_unique_index);
		OUT("%d,\t/* Number of elements in the maps */\n",
			el_count);
		OUT("%d,\t/* Enumeration is %sextensible */\n",
			map_is_extensible, map_is_extensible ? "": "not ");
		if(expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED)
			OUT("1\t/* Strict enumeration */\n");
		else
			OUT("0\n");
		INDENT(-1);
		OUT("};\n");
	}

	return asn1c_lang_C_type_SIMPLE_TYPE(arg);
}

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_BIT_STRING(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int el_count = expr_elements_count(arg, expr);

	if(el_count) {
		int eidx = 0;
		REDIR(OT_DEPS);
		OUT("typedef enum ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(" {\n");
		TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
			eidx++;
			if(v->expr_type != A1TC_UNIVERVAL) {
				OUT("/* Unexpected BIT STRING element: %s */\n",
				v->Identifier);
				continue;
			}
			OUT("\t");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
			OUT("_%s", MKID(v->Identifier));
			OUT("\t= %" PRIdASN "%s\n",
				v->value->value.v_integer,
				(eidx < el_count) ? "," : "");
		}
		OUT("} ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
		OUT("_e;\n");
		assert(eidx == el_count);
	}

	return asn1c_lang_C_type_SIMPLE_TYPE(arg);
}

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_SEQUENCE(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int comp_mode = 0;	/* {root,ext=1,root,root,...} */

	DEPENDENCIES;

	if(arg->embed) {
		OUT("struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(" {\n");
	} else {
		OUT("typedef struct %s {\n",
			MKID_safe(expr->Identifier));
	}

	TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
		if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) {
			if(comp_mode < 3) comp_mode++;
		}
		if(comp_mode == 1
		|| expr_better_indirect(arg, v))
			v->marker.flags |= EM_INDIRECT;
		EMBED(v);
	}

	PCTX_DEF;
	OUT("} %s%s%s", (expr->marker.flags & EM_INDIRECT)?"*":"",
		expr->_anonymous_type ? "" :
			arg->embed
				? MKID_safe(expr->Identifier)
				: MKID(expr->Identifier),
		arg->embed ? "" : "_t");

	return asn1c_lang_C_type_SEQUENCE_def(arg);
}

static int
asn1c_lang_C_type_SEQUENCE_def(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int elements;	/* Number of elements */
	int ext_start = -1;
	int ext_stop = -1;
	tag2el_t *tag2el = NULL;
	int tag2el_count = 0;
	int tags_count;
	int all_tags_count;
	enum tvm_compat tv_mode;

	/*
	 * Fetch every inner tag from the tag to elements map.
	 */
	if(_fill_tag2el_map(arg, &tag2el, &tag2el_count, -1, FTE_ALLTAGS)) {
		if(tag2el) free(tag2el);
		return -1;
	}

	GEN_INCLUDE("constr_SEQUENCE");
	if(!arg->embed)
		GEN_DECLARE(expr);	/* asn_DEF_xxx */

	REDIR(OT_STAT_DEFS);

	/*
	 * Print out the table according to which the parsing is performed.
	 */
	if(expr_elements_count(arg, expr)) {
		int comp_mode = 0;	/* {root,ext=1,root,root,...} */

		OUT("static asn_TYPE_member_t asn_MBR_%s_%d[] = {\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);

		elements = 0;
		INDENTED(TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
			if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) {
				if((++comp_mode) == 1)
					ext_start = elements - 1;
				else
					ext_stop = elements - 1;
				continue;
			}
			elements++;
			emit_member_table(arg, v);
		});
		OUT("};\n");
	} else {
		elements = 0;
	}

	/*
	 * Print out asn_DEF_<type>_[all_]tags[] vectors.
	 */
	tv_mode = emit_tags_vectors(arg, expr, &tags_count, &all_tags_count);

	/*
	 * Tags to elements map.
	 */
	emit_tag2member_map(arg, tag2el, tag2el_count, 0);

	OUT("static asn_SEQUENCE_specifics_t asn_SPC_%s_%d_specs = {\n",
		MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
	INDENTED(
		OUT("sizeof(struct "); out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords); OUT("),\n");
		OUT("offsetof(struct "); out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords); OUT(", _asn_ctx),\n");

		if(tag2el_count) {
			OUT("asn_MAP_%s_%d_tag2el,\n",
				MKID(expr->Identifier),
				expr->_type_unique_index);
			OUT("%d,\t/* Count of tags in the map */\n", tag2el_count);
		} else {
			OUT("0,\t/* No top level tags */\n");
			OUT("0,\t/* No tags in the map */\n");
		}
		OUT("%d,\t/* Start extensions */\n",
			ext_start);
		OUT("%d\t/* Stop extensions */\n",
			(ext_stop<ext_start)?elements+1:ext_stop, ext_stop);
	);
	OUT("};\n");

	/*
	 * Emit asn_DEF_xxx table.
	 */
	emit_type_DEF(arg, expr, tv_mode, tags_count, all_tags_count, elements,
			ETD_HAS_SPECIFICS);

	REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

	return 0;
} /* _SEQUENCE_def() */

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_SET(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	long mcount;
	char *id;
	int comp_mode = 0;	/* {root,ext=1,root,root,...} */

	DEPENDENCIES;

	REDIR(OT_DEPS);

	OUT("\n");
	OUT("/*\n");
	OUT(" * Method of determining the components presence\n");
	OUT(" */\n");
	mcount = 0;
	OUT("typedef enum ");
		out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
	OUT("_PR {\n");
	TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
		if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) continue;
		INDENTED(
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
			OUT("_PR_");
			id = MKID(v->Identifier);
			OUT("%s,\t/* Member %s is present */\n",
				id, id)
		);
		mcount++;
	}
	OUT("} "); out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags); OUT("_PR;\n");

	REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

	if(arg->embed) {
		OUT("struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(" {\n");
	} else {
		OUT("typedef struct %s {\n", MKID_safe(expr->Identifier));
	}

	TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
		if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) {
			if(comp_mode < 3) comp_mode++;
		}
		if(comp_mode == 1
		|| expr_better_indirect(arg, v))
			v->marker.flags |= EM_INDIRECT;
		EMBED(v);
	}

	INDENTED(
		id = MKID(expr->Identifier);
		OUT("\n");
		OUT("/* Presence bitmask: ASN_SET_ISPRESENT(p%s, %s_PR_x) */\n",
			id, id);
		OUT("unsigned int _presence_map\n");
		OUT("\t[((%ld+(8*sizeof(unsigned int))-1)/(8*sizeof(unsigned int)))];\n", mcount);
	);

	PCTX_DEF;
	OUT("} %s%s%s", (expr->marker.flags & EM_INDIRECT)?"*":"",
		expr->_anonymous_type ? "" : MKID_safe(expr->Identifier),
		arg->embed ? "" : "_t");

	return asn1c_lang_C_type_SET_def(arg);
}

static int
asn1c_lang_C_type_SET_def(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int elements;
	tag2el_t *tag2el = NULL;
	int tag2el_count = 0;
	tag2el_t *tag2el_cxer = NULL;
	int tag2el_cxer_count = 0;
	int tags_count;
	int all_tags_count;
	enum tvm_compat tv_mode;
	char *p;

	/*
	 * Fetch every inner tag from the tag to elements map.
	 */
	if(_fill_tag2el_map(arg, &tag2el, &tag2el_count, -1, FTE_ALLTAGS)) {
		if(tag2el) free(tag2el);
		return -1;
	}
	if(_fill_tag2el_map(arg, &tag2el_cxer, &tag2el_cxer_count, -1, FTE_CANONICAL_XER)) {
		if(tag2el) free(tag2el);
		if(tag2el_cxer) free(tag2el_cxer);
		return -1;
	}
	if(tag2el_cxer_count == tag2el_count
	&& memcmp(tag2el, tag2el_cxer, tag2el_count) == 0) {
		free(tag2el_cxer);
		tag2el_cxer = 0;
	}

	GEN_INCLUDE("constr_SET");
	if(!arg->embed)
		GEN_DECLARE(expr);	/* asn_DEF_xxx */

	REDIR(OT_STAT_DEFS);

	/*
	 * Print out the table according to which the parsing is performed.
	 */
	if(expr_elements_count(arg, expr)) {
		int comp_mode = 0;	/* {root,ext=1,root,root,...} */

		OUT("static asn_TYPE_member_t asn_MBR_%s_%d[] = {\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
	
		elements = 0;
		INDENTED(TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
			if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) {
				if(comp_mode < 3) comp_mode++;
			} else {
				if(comp_mode == 1
				|| expr_better_indirect(arg, v))
					v->marker.flags |= EM_INDIRECT;
				elements++;
				emit_member_table(arg, v);
			}
		});
		OUT("};\n");
	} else {
		elements = 0;
	}

	/*
	 * Print out asn_DEF_<type>_[all_]tags[] vectors.
	 */
	tv_mode = emit_tags_vectors(arg, expr, &tags_count, &all_tags_count);

	/*
	 * Tags to elements map.
	 */
	emit_tag2member_map(arg, tag2el, tag2el_count, 0);
	if(tag2el_cxer)
	emit_tag2member_map(arg, tag2el_cxer, tag2el_cxer_count, "_cxer");

	/*
	 * Emit a map of mandatory elements.
	 */
	OUT("static uint8_t asn_MAP_%s_%d_mmap",
		MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
	p = MKID_safe(expr->Identifier);
	OUT("[(%d + (8 * sizeof(unsigned int)) - 1) / 8]", elements);
	OUT(" = {\n");
	INDENTED(
	if(elements) {
		int delimit = 0;
		int el = 0;
		TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
			if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) continue;
			if(delimit) {
				OUT(",\n");
				delimit = 0;
			} else if(el) {
				OUT(" | ");
			}
			OUT("(%d << %d)",
				v->marker.flags?0:1,
				7 - (el % 8));
			if(el && (el % 8) == 0)
				delimit = 1;
			el++;
		}
	} else {
		OUT("0");
	}
	);
	OUT("\n");
	OUT("};\n");

	OUT("static asn_SET_specifics_t asn_SPC_%s_%d_specs = {\n",
		MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
	INDENTED(
		OUT("sizeof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT("),\n");
		OUT("offsetof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(", _asn_ctx),\n");
		OUT("offsetof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(", _presence_map),\n");
		p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
		OUT("asn_MAP_%s_%d_tag2el,\n", p, expr->_type_unique_index);
		OUT("%d,\t/* Count of tags in the map */\n", tag2el_count);
		if(tag2el_cxer)
			OUT("asn_MAP_%s_%d_tag2el_cxer,\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
		else
			OUT("asn_MAP_%s_%d_tag2el,\t/* Same as above */\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
		OUT("%d,\t/* Count of tags in the CXER map */\n",
			tag2el_cxer_count);
		OUT("%d,\t/* Whether extensible */\n",
			check_if_extensible(expr));
		OUT("(unsigned int *)asn_MAP_%s_%d_mmap\t/* Mandatory elements map */\n",
			p, expr->_type_unique_index);
	);
	OUT("};\n");

	/*
	 * Emit asn_DEF_xxx table.
	 */
	emit_type_DEF(arg, expr, tv_mode, tags_count, all_tags_count, elements,
			ETD_HAS_SPECIFICS);

	REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

	return 0;
} /* _SET_def() */

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_SEx_OF(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *memb = TQ_FIRST(&expr->members);

	DEPENDENCIES;

	if(arg->embed) {
		OUT("struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(" {\n");
	} else {
		OUT("typedef struct %s {\n", MKID_safe(expr->Identifier));
	}

	INDENT(+1);
	OUT("A_%s_OF(",
		(arg->expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SET_OF)
			? "SET" : "SEQUENCE");
	if(memb->expr_type & ASN_CONSTR_MASK
	|| ((memb->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED
		|| (0 /* -- prohibited by X.693:8.3.4 */
			&& memb->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_INTEGER))
	    	&& expr_elements_count(arg, memb))) {
		arg_t tmp;
		asn1p_expr_t tmp_memb;
		arg->embed++;
			tmp = *arg;
			tmp.expr = &tmp_memb;
			tmp_memb = *memb;
			tmp_memb._anonymous_type = 1;
			if(tmp_memb.Identifier == 0) {
				tmp_memb.Identifier = "Member";
				if(0)
				tmp_memb.Identifier = strdup(
					asn1c_make_identifier(0,
						expr->Identifier, "Member", 0));
				assert(tmp_memb.Identifier);
			}
			tmp.default_cb(&tmp);
			if(tmp_memb.Identifier != memb->Identifier)
				if(0) free(tmp_memb.Identifier);
		arg->embed--;
		assert(arg->target->target == OT_TYPE_DECLS);
	} else {
		OUT("%s", asn1c_type_name(arg, memb,
			(memb->marker.flags & EM_UNRECURSE)
				? TNF_RSAFE : TNF_CTYPE));
	}
	OUT(") list;\n");
	INDENT(-1);

	PCTX_DEF;
	OUT("} %s%s%s", (expr->marker.flags & EM_INDIRECT)?"*":"",
		expr->_anonymous_type ? "" : MKID_safe(expr->Identifier),
		arg->embed ? "" : "_t");

	/*
	 * SET OF/SEQUENCE OF definition
	 */
	return asn1c_lang_C_type_SEx_OF_def(arg,
		(arg->expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SEQUENCE_OF));
}

static int
asn1c_lang_C_type_SEx_OF_def(arg_t *arg, int seq_of) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int tags_count;
	int all_tags_count;
	enum tvm_compat tv_mode;

	/*
	 * Print out the table according to which the parsing is performed.
	 */
	if(seq_of) {
		GEN_INCLUDE("constr_SEQUENCE_OF");
	} else {
		GEN_INCLUDE("constr_SET_OF");
	}
	if(!arg->embed)
		GEN_DECLARE(expr);	/* asn_DEF_xxx */

	REDIR(OT_STAT_DEFS);

	/*
	 * Print out the table according to which the parsing is performed.
	 */
	OUT("static asn_TYPE_member_t asn_MBR_%s_%d[] = {\n",
		MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
	INDENT(+1);
		v = TQ_FIRST(&(expr->members));
		if(!v->Identifier) {
			v->Identifier = strdup("Member");
			assert(v->Identifier);
		}
		v->_anonymous_type = 1;
		arg->embed++;
		emit_member_table(arg, v);
		arg->embed--;
	INDENT(-1);
	OUT("};\n");

	/*
	 * Print out asn_DEF_<type>_[all_]tags[] vectors.
	 */
	tv_mode = emit_tags_vectors(arg, expr, &tags_count, &all_tags_count);

	OUT("static asn_SET_OF_specifics_t asn_SPC_%s_%d_specs = {\n",
		MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
	INDENTED(
		OUT("sizeof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT("),\n");
		OUT("offsetof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(", _asn_ctx),\n");

		if(expr_as_xmlvaluelist(arg, v))
			OUT("1,\t/* XER encoding is XMLValueList */\n");
		else
			OUT("0,\t/* XER encoding is XMLDelimitedItemList */\n");
	);
	OUT("};\n");

	/*
	 * Emit asn_DEF_xxx table.
	 */
	emit_type_DEF(arg, expr, tv_mode, tags_count, all_tags_count, 1,
			ETD_HAS_SPECIFICS);

	REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

	return 0;
} /* _SEx_OF_def() */

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_CHOICE(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	char *id;

	DEPENDENCIES;

	REDIR(OT_DEPS);

	OUT("typedef enum ");
		out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
	OUT("_PR {\n");
	INDENTED(
		out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
		OUT("_PR_NOTHING,\t/* No components present */\n");
		TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
			if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) {
				OUT("/* Extensions may appear below */\n");
				continue;
			}
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
			OUT("_PR_");
			id = MKID(v->Identifier);
			OUT("%s,\n", id, id);
		}
	);
	OUT("} "); out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags); OUT("_PR;\n");

	REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

	if(arg->embed) {
		OUT("struct "); out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords); OUT(" {\n");
	} else {
		OUT("typedef struct %s {\n", MKID_safe(expr->Identifier));
	}

	INDENTED(
		out_name_chain(arg, ONC_noflags);
		OUT("_PR present;\n");
		OUT("union ");
		if(UNNAMED_UNIONS == 0) {
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_force_compound_name);
			OUT("_u ");
		}
		OUT("{\n");
		TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
			if(expr_better_indirect(arg, v))
				v->marker.flags |= EM_INDIRECT;
			EMBED(v);
		}
		if(UNNAMED_UNIONS)	OUT("};\n");
		else			OUT("} choice;\n");
	);

	PCTX_DEF;
	OUT("} %s%s%s", (expr->marker.flags & EM_INDIRECT)?"*":"",
		expr->_anonymous_type ? "" :
			arg->embed
				? MKID_safe(expr->Identifier)
				: MKID(expr->Identifier),
		arg->embed ? "" : "_t");

	return asn1c_lang_C_type_CHOICE_def(arg);
}

static int
asn1c_lang_C_type_CHOICE_def(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int elements;	/* Number of elements */
	tag2el_t *tag2el = NULL;
	int tag2el_count = 0;
	int tags_count;
	int all_tags_count;
	enum tvm_compat tv_mode;

	/*
	 * Fetch every inner tag from the tag to elements map.
	 */
	if(_fill_tag2el_map(arg, &tag2el, &tag2el_count, -1, FTE_ALLTAGS)) {
		if(tag2el) free(tag2el);
		return -1;
	}

	GEN_INCLUDE("constr_CHOICE");
	if(!arg->embed)
		GEN_DECLARE(expr);	/* asn_DEF_xxx */

	REDIR(OT_STAT_DEFS);

	/*
	 * Print out the table according to which the parsing is performed.
	 */
	if(expr_elements_count(arg, expr)) {

		OUT("static asn_TYPE_member_t asn_MBR_%s_%d[] = {\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);

		elements = 0;
		INDENTED(TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
			if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE)
				continue;
			if(expr_better_indirect(arg, v))
				v->marker.flags |= EM_INDIRECT;
			elements++;
			emit_member_table(arg, v);
		});
		OUT("};\n");
	} else {
		elements = 0;
	}


	if(arg->embed) {
		/*
		 * Our parent structure has already taken this into account.
		 */
		tv_mode = _TVM_SAME;
		tags_count = all_tags_count = 0;
	} else {
		tv_mode = emit_tags_vectors(arg, expr,
			&tags_count, &all_tags_count);
	}

	/*
	 * Tags to elements map.
	 */
	emit_tag2member_map(arg, tag2el, tag2el_count, 0);

	OUT("static asn_CHOICE_specifics_t asn_SPC_%s_%d_specs = {\n",
		MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
	INDENTED(
		OUT("sizeof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT("),\n");
		OUT("offsetof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(", _asn_ctx),\n");
		OUT("offsetof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(", present),\n");
		OUT("sizeof(((struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(" *)0)->present),\n");
		OUT("asn_MAP_%s_%d_tag2el,\n",
			MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
		OUT("%d,\t/* Count of tags in the map */\n", tag2el_count);
		OUT("%d\t/* Whether extensible */\n",
			check_if_extensible(expr));
	);
	OUT("};\n");

	/*
	 * Emit asn_DEF_xxx table.
	 */
	emit_type_DEF(arg, expr, tv_mode, tags_count, all_tags_count, elements,
			ETD_HAS_SPECIFICS);

	REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

	return 0;
} /* _CHOICE_def() */

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_REFERENCE(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_ref_t *ref;

	ref = arg->expr->reference;
	if(ref->components[ref->comp_count-1].name[0] == '&') {
		asn1p_expr_t *extract;
		arg_t tmp;
		int ret;

		extract = asn1f_class_access_ex(arg->asn, arg->expr->module,
			arg->expr, ref);
		if(extract == NULL)
			return -1;

		extract = asn1p_expr_clone(extract, 0);
		if(extract) {
			if(extract->Identifier)
				free(extract->Identifier);
			extract->Identifier = strdup(arg->expr->Identifier);
			if(extract->Identifier == NULL) {
				asn1p_expr_free(extract);
				return -1;
			}
		} else {
			return -1;
		}

		tmp = *arg;
		tmp.asn = arg->asn;
		tmp.mod = extract->module;
		tmp.expr = extract;

		ret = arg->default_cb(&tmp);

		asn1p_expr_free(extract);

		return ret;
	}


	return asn1c_lang_C_type_SIMPLE_TYPE(arg);
}

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_SIMPLE_TYPE(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	int tags_count;
	int all_tags_count;
	enum tvm_compat tv_mode;
	enum etd_spec etd_spec;
	char *p;

	if(arg->embed) {
		enum tnfmt tnfmt = TNF_CTYPE;

		/*
		 * If this is an optional compound type,
		 * refer it using "struct X" convention,
		 * as it may recursively include the current structure.
		 */
		if(expr->marker.flags & (EM_INDIRECT | EM_UNRECURSE)) {
			asn1p_expr_t *terminal;
			terminal = asn1f_find_terminal_type_ex(arg->asn, expr);
			if(terminal
			&& (terminal->expr_type & ASN_CONSTR_MASK)) {
				tnfmt = TNF_RSAFE;
				REDIR(OT_FWD_DECLS);
				OUT("%s;\n",
					asn1c_type_name(arg, arg->expr, tnfmt));
			}
		}

		REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

		OUT("%s", asn1c_type_name(arg, arg->expr, tnfmt));
		if(!expr->_anonymous_type) {
			OUT("%s", (expr->marker.flags&EM_INDIRECT)?"\t*":"\t ");
			OUT("%s", MKID_safe(expr->Identifier));
			if((expr->marker.flags & EM_DEFAULT) == EM_DEFAULT)
				OUT("\t/* DEFAULT %s */",
					asn1f_printable_value(
						expr->marker.default_value));
			else if((expr->marker.flags & EM_OPTIONAL) == EM_OPTIONAL)
				OUT("\t/* OPTIONAL */");
		}

	} else {
		GEN_INCLUDE(asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_INCLUDE));

		REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

		OUT("typedef %s\t",
			asn1c_type_name(arg, arg->expr, TNF_CTYPE));
		OUT("%s%s_t",
			(expr->marker.flags & EM_INDIRECT)?"*":" ",
			MKID(expr->Identifier));
	}

	if((expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED)
	|| (0 /* -- prohibited by X.693:8.3.4 */
		&& expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_INTEGER
		&& expr_elements_count(arg, expr)))
		etd_spec = ETD_HAS_SPECIFICS;
	else
		etd_spec = ETD_NO_SPECIFICS;

	/*
	 * If this type just blindly refers the other type, alias it.
	 * 	Type1 ::= Type2
	 */
	if(arg->embed && etd_spec == ETD_NO_SPECIFICS) {
		REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);
		return 0;
	}
	if((!expr->constraints || (arg->flags & A1C_NO_CONSTRAINTS))
	&& (arg->embed || expr->tag.tag_class == TC_NOCLASS)
	&& etd_spec == ETD_NO_SPECIFICS
	&& 0	/* This shortcut is incompatible with XER */
	) {
		char *type_name;
		REDIR(OT_FUNC_DECLS);
		type_name = asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_SAFE);
		OUT("/* This type is equivalent to %s */\n", type_name);
		if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("/* ");
		OUT("#define\tasn_DEF_%s\t", MKID(expr->Identifier));
		type_name = asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_SAFE);
		OUT("asn_DEF_%s", type_name);
		if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS)
			OUT("\t// (Use -fall-defs-global to expose) */");
		OUT("\n");
		REDIR(OT_CODE);
		OUT("/* This type is equivalent to %s */\n", type_name);
		OUT("\n");
		REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);
		return 0;
	}

	REDIR(OT_STAT_DEFS);

	/*
	 * Print out asn_DEF_<type>_[all_]tags[] vectors.
	 */
	tv_mode = emit_tags_vectors(arg, expr, &tags_count, &all_tags_count);

	emit_type_DEF(arg, expr, tv_mode, tags_count, all_tags_count,
		0, etd_spec);

	REDIR(OT_CODE);

	/*
	 * Constraint checking.
	 */
	if(!(arg->flags & A1C_NO_CONSTRAINTS)) {
		p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
		if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("static ");
		OUT("int\n");
		OUT("%s", p);
		if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
		OUT("_constraint(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,\n");
		INDENT(+1);
		OUT("\t\tasn_app_consume_bytes_f *app_errlog, void *app_key) {");
		OUT("\n");
		if(asn1c_emit_constraint_checking_code(arg) == 1) {
			OUT("/* Replace with underlying type checker */\n");
			OUT("td->check_constraints "
				"= asn_DEF_%s.check_constraints;\n",
				asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_SAFE));
			OUT("return td->check_constraints"
				"(td, sptr, app_errlog, app_key);\n");
		}
		INDENT(-1);
		OUT("}\n");
		OUT("\n");
	}

	/*
	 * Emit suicidal functions.
	 */

	/*
	 * This function replaces certain fields from the definition
	 * of a type with the corresponding fields from the basic type
	 * (from which the current type is inherited).
	 */
	OUT("/*\n");
	OUT(" * This type is implemented using %s,\n",
		asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_SAFE));
	OUT(" * so here we adjust the DEF accordingly.\n");
	OUT(" */\n");
	OUT("static void\n");
	OUT("%s_%d_inherit_TYPE_descriptor(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td) {\n",
		MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index);
	INDENT(+1);
  {
	asn1p_expr_t *terminal = asn1f_find_terminal_type_ex(arg->asn, expr);
	char *type_name = asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_SAFE);
	OUT("td->free_struct    = asn_DEF_%s.free_struct;\n",    type_name);
	OUT("td->print_struct   = asn_DEF_%s.print_struct;\n",   type_name);
	OUT("td->ber_decoder    = asn_DEF_%s.ber_decoder;\n",    type_name);
	OUT("td->der_encoder    = asn_DEF_%s.der_encoder;\n",    type_name);
	OUT("td->xer_decoder    = asn_DEF_%s.xer_decoder;\n",    type_name);
	OUT("td->xer_encoder    = asn_DEF_%s.xer_encoder;\n",    type_name);
	if(!terminal && !tags_count) {
	  OUT("/* The next four lines are here because of -fknown-extern-type */\n");
	  OUT("td->tags           = asn_DEF_%s.tags;\n",         type_name);
	  OUT("td->tags_count     = asn_DEF_%s.tags_count;\n",   type_name);
	  OUT("td->all_tags       = asn_DEF_%s.all_tags;\n",     type_name);
	  OUT("td->all_tags_count = asn_DEF_%s.all_tags_count;\n",type_name);
	  OUT("/* End of these lines */\n");
	}
	OUT("td->elements       = asn_DEF_%s.elements;\n",       type_name);
	OUT("td->elements_count = asn_DEF_%s.elements_count;\n", type_name);
	if(etd_spec != ETD_NO_SPECIFICS) {
		INDENT(-1);
		OUT("     /* ");
	}
	OUT("td->specifics      = asn_DEF_%s.specifics;",        type_name);
	if(etd_spec == ETD_NO_SPECIFICS) {
		INDENT(-1);
		OUT("\n");
	} else {
		OUT("\t// Defined explicitly */\n");
	}
  }
	OUT("}\n");
	OUT("\n");

	p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("static ");
	OUT("void\n");
	OUT("%s", p);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("_free(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,\n");
	INDENTED(
	OUT("\tvoid *struct_ptr, int contents_only) {\n");
	OUT("%s_%d_inherit_TYPE_descriptor(td);\n",
		p, expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("td->free_struct(td, struct_ptr, contents_only);\n");
	);
	OUT("}\n");
	OUT("\n");

	p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("static ");
	OUT("int\n");
	OUT("%s", p);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("_print(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *struct_ptr,\n");
	INDENTED(
	OUT("\tint ilevel, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {\n");
	OUT("%s_%d_inherit_TYPE_descriptor(td);\n",
		p, expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("return td->print_struct(td, struct_ptr, ilevel, cb, app_key);\n");
	);
	OUT("}\n");
	OUT("\n");

	p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("static ");
	OUT("asn_dec_rval_t\n");
	OUT("%s", p);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("_decode_ber(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx, asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,\n");
	INDENTED(
	OUT("\tvoid **structure, const void *bufptr, size_t size, int tag_mode) {\n");
	OUT("%s_%d_inherit_TYPE_descriptor(td);\n",
		p, expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("return td->ber_decoder(opt_codec_ctx, td, structure, bufptr, size, tag_mode);\n");
	);
	OUT("}\n");
	OUT("\n");

	p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("static ");
	OUT("asn_enc_rval_t\n");
	OUT("%s", p);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("_encode_der(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,\n");
	INDENTED(
	OUT("\tvoid *structure, int tag_mode, ber_tlv_tag_t tag,\n");
	OUT("\tasn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {\n");
	OUT("%s_%d_inherit_TYPE_descriptor(td);\n",
		p, expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("return td->der_encoder(td, structure, tag_mode, tag, cb, app_key);\n");
	);
	OUT("}\n");
	OUT("\n");

	p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("static ");
	OUT("asn_dec_rval_t\n");
	OUT("%s", p);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("_decode_xer(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx, asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,\n");
	INDENTED(
	OUT("\tvoid **structure, const char *opt_mname, const void *bufptr, size_t size) {\n");
	OUT("%s_%d_inherit_TYPE_descriptor(td);\n",
		p, expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("return td->xer_decoder(opt_codec_ctx, td, structure, opt_mname, bufptr, size);\n");
	);
	OUT("}\n");
	OUT("\n");

	p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("static ");
	OUT("asn_enc_rval_t\n");
	OUT("%s", p);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("_encode_xer(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *structure,\n");
	INDENTED(
	OUT("\tint ilevel, enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,\n");
	OUT("\tasn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {\n");
	OUT("%s_%d_inherit_TYPE_descriptor(td);\n",
		p, expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT("return td->xer_encoder(td, structure, ilevel, flags, cb, app_key);\n");
	);
	OUT("}\n");
	OUT("\n");

	REDIR(OT_FUNC_DECLS);

	p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) {
		OUT("/* extern asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_%s_%d;"
			"\t// (Use -fall-defs-global to expose) */\n",
			p, expr->_type_unique_index);
	} else {
		OUT("extern asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_%s;\n", p);
		OUT("asn_struct_free_f %s_free;\n", p);
		OUT("asn_struct_print_f %s_print;\n", p);
		OUT("asn_constr_check_f %s_constraint;\n", p);
		OUT("ber_type_decoder_f %s_decode_ber;\n", p);
		OUT("der_type_encoder_f %s_encode_der;\n", p);
		OUT("xer_type_decoder_f %s_decode_xer;\n", p);
		OUT("xer_type_encoder_f %s_encode_xer;\n", p);
	}

	REDIR(OT_TYPE_DECLS);

	return 0;
}

int
asn1c_lang_C_type_EXTENSIBLE(arg_t *arg) {

	OUT("/*\n");
	OUT(" * This type is extensible,\n");
	OUT(" * possible extensions are below.\n");
	OUT(" */\n");

	return 0;
}

static int check_if_extensible(asn1p_expr_t *expr) {
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
		if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int
_print_tag(arg_t *arg, struct asn1p_type_tag_s *tag) {

	OUT("(");
	switch(tag->tag_class) {
	case TC_UNIVERSAL:		OUT("ASN_TAG_CLASS_UNIVERSAL"); break;
	case TC_APPLICATION:		OUT("ASN_TAG_CLASS_APPLICATION"); break;
	case TC_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC:	OUT("ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT"); break;
	case TC_PRIVATE:		OUT("ASN_TAG_CLASS_PRIVATE"); break;
	case TC_NOCLASS:
		break;
	}
	OUT(" | (%" PRIdASN " << 2))", tag->tag_value);

	return 0;
}


static int
_tag2el_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp) {
	const tag2el_t *a = ap;
	const tag2el_t *b = bp;
	const struct asn1p_type_tag_s *ta = &a->el_tag;
	const struct asn1p_type_tag_s *tb = &b->el_tag;

	if(ta->tag_class == tb->tag_class) {
		if(ta->tag_value == tb->tag_value) {
			/*
			 * Sort by their respective positions.
			 */
			if(a->el_no < b->el_no)
				return -1;
			else if(a->el_no > b->el_no)
				return 1;
			return 0;
		} else if(ta->tag_value < tb->tag_value)
			return -1;
		else
			return 1;
	} else if(ta->tag_class < tb->tag_class) {
		return -1;
	} else {
		return 1;
	}
}

/*
 * For constructed types, number of external tags may be greater than
 * number of elements in the type because of CHOICE type.
 * T ::= SET {		-- Three possible tags:
 *     a INTEGER,	-- One tag is here...
 *     b Choice1	-- ... and two more tags are there.
 * }
 * Choice1 ::= CHOICE {
 *     s1 IA5String,
 *     s2 ObjectDescriptor
 * }
 */
static int
_fill_tag2el_map(arg_t *arg, tag2el_t **tag2el, int *count, int el_no, fte_e flags) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	arg_t tmparg = *arg;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int element = 0;
	int original_count = *count;
	int sort_until = -1;

	TQ_FOR(v, &(expr->members), next) {
		if(v->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE) {
			/*
			 * CXER mandates sorting
			 * only for the root part.
			 */
			if(flags == FTE_CANONICAL_XER
			&& sort_until == -1)
				sort_until = *count;
			continue;
		}

		tmparg.expr = v;

		if(_add_tag2el_member(&tmparg, tag2el, count,
				(el_no==-1)?element:el_no, flags)) {
			return -1;
		}

		element++;
	}


	if(flags == FTE_CANONICAL_XER) {
		if(sort_until == -1) sort_until = *count;
		qsort((*tag2el) + original_count,
			sort_until - original_count,
				sizeof(**tag2el), _tag2el_cmp);
		if(arg->expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_CHOICE
		&& (sort_until - original_count) >= 1) {
			/* Only take in account the root component */
			*count = original_count + 1;
		}
	} else {
		/*
		 * Sort the map according to canonical order of their
		 * tags and element numbers.
		 */
		qsort(*tag2el, *count, sizeof(**tag2el), _tag2el_cmp);
	}

	/*
	 * Initialize .toff_{first|last} members.
	 */
	if(*count) {
		struct asn1p_type_tag_s *cur_tag = 0;
		tag2el_t *cur = *tag2el;
		tag2el_t *end = cur + *count;
		int occur, i;
		for(occur = 0; cur < end; cur++) {
			if(cur_tag == 0
			|| cur_tag->tag_value != cur->el_tag.tag_value
			|| cur_tag->tag_class != cur->el_tag.tag_class) {
				cur_tag = &cur->el_tag;
				occur = 0;
			} else {
				occur++;
			}
			cur->toff_first = -occur;
			for(i = 0; i >= -occur; i--)
				cur[i].toff_last = -i;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

static int
_add_tag2el_member(arg_t *arg, tag2el_t **tag2el, int *count, int el_no, fte_e flags) {
	struct asn1p_type_tag_s tag;
	int ret;

	assert(el_no >= 0);

	ret = asn1f_fetch_outmost_tag(arg->asn, arg->expr->module,
			arg->expr, &tag, 1);
	if(ret == 0) {
		tag2el_t *te;
		int new_count = (*count) + 1;
		void *p;

		if(tag.tag_value == -1) {
			/*
			 * This is an untagged ANY type,
			 * proceed without adding a tag
			 */
			return 0;
		}

		p = realloc(*tag2el, new_count * sizeof(tag2el_t));
		if(p)	*tag2el = p;
		else	return -1;

		DEBUG("Found tag for %s: %ld",
			arg->expr->Identifier,
			(long)tag.tag_value);

		te = &((*tag2el)[*count]);
		te->el_tag = tag;
		te->el_no = el_no;
		te->from_expr = arg->expr;
		*count = new_count;
		return 0;
	}

	DEBUG("Searching tag in complex expression %s:%x at line %d",
		arg->expr->Identifier,
		arg->expr->expr_type,
		arg->expr->_lineno);

	/*
	 * Iterate over members of CHOICE type.
	 */
	if(arg->expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_CHOICE) {
		return _fill_tag2el_map(arg, tag2el, count, el_no, flags);
	}

	if(arg->expr->expr_type == A1TC_REFERENCE) {
		arg_t tmp = *arg;
		asn1p_expr_t *expr;
		expr = asn1f_lookup_symbol_ex(tmp.asn, tmp.mod, tmp.expr,
			arg->expr->reference);
		if(expr) {
			tmp.mod = expr->module;
			tmp.expr = expr;
			return _add_tag2el_member(&tmp, tag2el, count, el_no, flags);
		} else {
			FATAL("Cannot dereference %s at line %d",
				arg->expr->Identifier,
				arg->expr->_lineno);
			return -1;
		}
	}

	DEBUG("No tag for %s at line %d",
		arg->expr->Identifier,
		arg->expr->_lineno);

	return -1;
}

static int
emit_tag2member_map(arg_t *arg, tag2el_t *tag2el, int tag2el_count, const char *opt_modifier) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	int i;

	if(!tag2el_count) return 0;	/* No top level tags */

	OUT("static asn_TYPE_tag2member_t asn_MAP_%s_%d_tag2el%s[] = {\n",
		MKID(expr->Identifier), expr->_type_unique_index,
		opt_modifier?opt_modifier:"");
	for(i = 0; i < tag2el_count; i++) {
		OUT("    { ");
		_print_tag(arg, &tag2el[i].el_tag);
		OUT(", ");
		OUT("%d, ", tag2el[i].el_no);
		OUT("%d, ", tag2el[i].toff_first);
		OUT("%d ", tag2el[i].toff_last);
		OUT("}%s /* %s at %d */\n",
			(i + 1 < tag2el_count) ? "," : "",
			tag2el[i].from_expr->Identifier,
			tag2el[i].from_expr->_lineno
		);
	}
	OUT("};\n");

	return 0;
}

static enum tvm_compat
emit_tags_vectors(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr, int *tags_count_r, int *all_tags_count_r) {
	struct asn1p_type_tag_s *tags = 0;	/* Effective tags */
	struct asn1p_type_tag_s *all_tags = 0;	/* The full array */
	int tags_count = 0;
	int all_tags_count = 0;
	enum tvm_compat tv_mode = _TVM_SAME;
	int i;

	/* Cleanup before proceeding. */
	*tags_count_r = 0;
	*all_tags_count_r = 0;

	/* Fetch a chain of tags */
	tags_count = asn1f_fetch_tags(arg->asn, expr->module, expr, &tags, 0);
	if(tags_count < 0)
		return -1;

	/* Fetch a chain of tags */
	all_tags_count = asn1f_fetch_tags(arg->asn, expr->module, expr,
		&all_tags, AFT_FULL_COLLECT);
	if(all_tags_count < 0) {
		if(tags) free(tags);
		return -1;
	}

	assert(tags_count <= all_tags_count);
	assert((tags_count?0:1) == (all_tags_count?0:1));

	if(tags_count <= all_tags_count) {
		for(i = 0; i < tags_count; i++) {
			if(tags[i].tag_value != all_tags[i].tag_value
			|| tags[i].tag_class != all_tags[i].tag_class) {
				tv_mode = _TVM_DIFFERENT;
				break;
			}
		}
		if(i == tags_count && tags_count < all_tags_count)
			tv_mode = _TVM_SUBSET;
	} else {
		tv_mode = _TVM_DIFFERENT;
	}

#define	EMIT_TAGS_TABLE(name, tags, tags_count)	do {			\
		OUT("static ber_tlv_tag_t asn_DEF_%s_%d%s_tags[] = {\n",\
			MKID(expr->Identifier),				\
			expr->_type_unique_index, name);		\
		INDENT(+1);						\
		/* Print the array of collected tags */			\
		for(i = 0; i < tags_count; i++) {			\
			if(i) OUT(",\n");				\
			_print_tag(arg, &tags[i]);			\
		}							\
		OUT("\n");						\
		INDENT(-1);						\
		OUT("};\n");						\
	} while(0)

	if(tags_count) {
		if(tv_mode == _TVM_SUBSET)
			EMIT_TAGS_TABLE("", all_tags, all_tags_count);
		else
			EMIT_TAGS_TABLE("", tags, tags_count);
	}

	if(all_tags_count) {
		if(tv_mode == _TVM_DIFFERENT)
			EMIT_TAGS_TABLE("_all", all_tags, all_tags_count);
	}

	if(tags) free(tags);
	if(all_tags) free(all_tags);

	*tags_count_r = tags_count;
	*all_tags_count_r = all_tags_count;

	return tv_mode;
}

static int
expr_elements_count(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr) {
	asn1p_expr_t *topmost_parent;
	asn1p_expr_t *v;
	int elements = 0;

	topmost_parent = asn1f_find_terminal_type_ex(arg->asn, expr);
	if(!topmost_parent) return 0;

	if(!(topmost_parent->expr_type & ASN_CONSTR_MASK)
	&& !topmost_parent->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_INTEGER
	&& !topmost_parent->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED)
		return 0;

	TQ_FOR(v, &(topmost_parent->members), next) {
		if(v->expr_type != A1TC_EXTENSIBLE)
			elements++;
	}

	return elements;
}

static int
emit_include_dependencies(arg_t *arg) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	asn1p_expr_t *memb;

	TQ_FOR(memb, &(expr->members), next) {

		if((memb->meta_type == AMT_TYPEREF
		&& (memb->marker.flags & EM_INDIRECT))
		|| expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SET_OF
		|| expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SEQUENCE_OF
		) {
			asn1p_expr_t *terminal;
			terminal = asn1f_find_terminal_type_ex(arg->asn, memb);
			if(terminal && !terminal->parent_expr
				&& (terminal->expr_type & ASN_CONSTR_MASK)) {
				int saved_target = arg->target->target;
				REDIR(OT_FWD_DECLS);
				OUT("%s;\n",
					asn1c_type_name(arg, memb, TNF_RSAFE));
				REDIR(saved_target);
				memb->marker.flags |= EM_UNRECURSE;
			}
		}

		if((!(memb->expr_type & ASN_CONSTR_MASK)
			&& memb->expr_type > ASN_CONSTR_MASK)
		|| memb->meta_type == AMT_TYPEREF) {
			if(memb->marker.flags & EM_UNRECURSE) {
				GEN_POSTINCLUDE(asn1c_type_name(arg,
					memb, TNF_INCLUDE));
			} else {
				GEN_INCLUDE(asn1c_type_name(arg,
					memb, TNF_INCLUDE));
			}
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

static int
emit_member_table(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr) {
	int save_target;
	arg_t tmp_arg;
	struct asn1p_type_tag_s outmost_tag_s;
	struct asn1p_type_tag_s *outmost_tag;
	int complex_contents;
	char *p;

	if(asn1f_fetch_outmost_tag(arg->asn,
			expr->module, expr, &outmost_tag_s, 1)) {
		outmost_tag = 0;
	} else {
		outmost_tag = &outmost_tag_s;
	}

	OUT("{ ");

	if(outmost_tag && outmost_tag->tag_value == -1)
		OUT("ATF_OPEN_TYPE | ");
	OUT("%s, ",
		(expr->marker.flags & EM_INDIRECT)?"ATF_POINTER":"ATF_NOFLAGS");
	if((expr->marker.flags & EM_OPTIONAL) == EM_OPTIONAL) {
		asn1p_expr_t *tv;
		int opts = 0;
		for(tv = expr; tv && tv->marker.flags;
			tv = TQ_NEXT(tv, next), opts++) {
			if(tv->expr_type == A1TC_EXTENSIBLE)
				opts--;
		}
		OUT("%d, ", opts);
	} else {
		OUT("0, ");
	}
	if(expr->_anonymous_type) {
		assert(arg->expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SET_OF
			|| arg->expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SEQUENCE_OF);
		OUT("0,\n");
	} else {
		OUT("offsetof(struct ");
			out_name_chain(arg, ONC_avoid_keywords);
		OUT(", ");
		if(arg->expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_CHOICE
			&& (!UNNAMED_UNIONS)) OUT("choice.");
		OUT("%s),\n", MKID_safe(expr->Identifier));
	}
	INDENT(+1);
	if(C99_MODE) OUT(".tag = ");
	if(outmost_tag) {
		if(outmost_tag->tag_value == -1)
			OUT("-1 /* Ambiguous tag (ANY?) */");
		else
			_print_tag(arg, outmost_tag);
	} else {
		OUT("-1 /* Ambiguous tag (CHOICE?) */");
	}

	OUT(",\n");
	if(C99_MODE) OUT(".tag_mode = ");
	if(expr->tag.tag_class) {
		if(expr->tag.tag_mode == TM_IMPLICIT)
		OUT("-1,\t/* IMPLICIT tag at current level */\n");
		else
		OUT("+1,\t/* EXPLICIT tag at current level */\n");
	} else {
		OUT("0,\n");
	}

	complex_contents =
		(expr->expr_type & ASN_CONSTR_MASK)
		|| expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED
		|| (0 /* -- prohibited by X.693:8.3.4 */
			&& expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_INTEGER
			&& expr_elements_count(arg, expr));
	if(C99_MODE) OUT(".type = ");
	OUT("(void *)&asn_DEF_");
	if(complex_contents) {
		OUT("%s", MKID(expr->Identifier));
		if(!(arg->flags & A1C_ALL_DEFS_GLOBAL))
			OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
	} else {
		OUT("%s", asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_SAFE));
	}
	OUT(",\n");
	if(C99_MODE) OUT(".memb_constraints = ");
	if(expr->constraints) {
		if(arg->flags & A1C_NO_CONSTRAINTS) {
			OUT("0,\t/* No check because of -fno-constraints */\n");
		} else {
			char *id = MKID(expr->Identifier);
			if(expr->_anonymous_type
					&& !strcmp(expr->Identifier, "Member"))
				id = asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_SAFE);
			OUT("memb_%s_%d_constraint,\n", id,
				arg->expr->_type_unique_index);
		}
	} else {
		OUT("0,\t/* Defer constraints checking to the member type */\n");
	}
	if(C99_MODE) OUT(".name = ");
	if(1) {
		if(expr->_anonymous_type && !strcmp(expr->Identifier, "Member"))
			OUT("\"\"\n");
		else
			OUT("\"%s\"\n", expr->Identifier);
	} else {
		OUT("\"%s\"\n", expr->_anonymous_type ? "" : expr->Identifier);
	}
	OUT("},\n");
	INDENT(-1);

	if(!expr->constraints || (arg->flags & A1C_NO_CONSTRAINTS))
		return 0;

	save_target = arg->target->target;
	REDIR(OT_CODE);

	if(expr->_anonymous_type && !strcmp(expr->Identifier, "Member"))
		p = asn1c_type_name(arg, expr, TNF_SAFE);
	else
		p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	OUT("static int\n");
	OUT("memb_%s_%d_constraint(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,\n", p, arg->expr->_type_unique_index);
	INDENT(+1);
	OUT("\t\tasn_app_consume_bytes_f *app_errlog, void *app_key) {\n");
	tmp_arg = *arg;
	tmp_arg.expr = expr;
	if(asn1c_emit_constraint_checking_code(&tmp_arg) == 1) {
		OUT("return td->check_constraints"
			"(td, sptr, app_errlog, app_key);\n");
	}
	INDENT(-1);
	OUT("}\n");
	OUT("\n");

	REDIR(save_target);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Generate "asn_DEF_XXX" type definition.
 */
static int
emit_type_DEF(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr, enum tvm_compat tv_mode, int tags_count, int all_tags_count, int elements_count, enum etd_spec spec) {
	int using_type_name = 0;
	char *p;

	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS)
		OUT("static /* Use -fall-defs-global to expose */\n");
	OUT("asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_%s", MKID(expr->Identifier));
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS) OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);
	OUT(" = {\n");
	p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	INDENT(+1);
		OUT("\"%s\",\n", expr->_anonymous_type?"":expr->Identifier);
		OUT("\"%s\",\n", expr->_anonymous_type?"":expr->Identifier);

		if(expr->expr_type & ASN_CONSTR_MASK) {
			using_type_name = 1;
			p = asn1c_type_name(arg, arg->expr, TNF_SAFE);
		}

#define FUNCREF(foo)	do {				\
	OUT("%s", p);					\
	if(HIDE_INNER_DEFS && !using_type_name)		\
		OUT("_%d", expr->_type_unique_index);	\
	OUT("_" #foo ",\n");				\
} while(0)

		FUNCREF(free);
		FUNCREF(print);
		FUNCREF(constraint);
		FUNCREF(decode_ber);
		FUNCREF(encode_der);
		FUNCREF(decode_xer);
		FUNCREF(encode_xer);

		if(expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_CHOICE) {
			OUT("CHOICE_outmost_tag,\n");
		} else {
			OUT("0,\t/* Use generic outmost tag fetcher */\n");
		}

		p = MKID(expr->Identifier);
		if(tags_count) {
			OUT("asn_DEF_%s_%d_tags,\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
			OUT("sizeof(asn_DEF_%s_%d_tags)\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
			OUT("\t/sizeof(asn_DEF_%s_%d_tags[0])",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
			if(tv_mode == _TVM_SUBSET
			&& tags_count != all_tags_count)
				OUT(" - %d", all_tags_count - tags_count);
			OUT(", /* %d */\n", tags_count);
		} else {
			OUT("0,\t/* No effective tags (pointer) */\n");
			OUT("0,\t/* No effective tags (count) */\n");
		}

		if(all_tags_count && tv_mode == _TVM_DIFFERENT) {
			OUT("asn_DEF_%s_%d_all_tags,\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
			OUT("sizeof(asn_DEF_%s_%d_all_tags)\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
			OUT("\t/sizeof(asn_DEF_%s_%d_all_tags[0]), /* %d */\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index, all_tags_count);
		} else if(all_tags_count) {
			OUT("asn_DEF_%s_%d_tags,\t/* Same as above */\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
			OUT("sizeof(asn_DEF_%s_%d_tags)\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
			OUT("\t/sizeof(asn_DEF_%s_%d_tags[0]), /* %d */\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index, all_tags_count);
		} else {
			OUT("0,\t/* No tags (pointer) */\n");
			OUT("0,\t/* No tags (count) */\n");
		}

		if(elements_count) {
			OUT("asn_MBR_%s_%d,\n", p, expr->_type_unique_index);
			if(expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SEQUENCE_OF
			|| expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_SET_OF) {
				OUT("%d,\t/* Single element */\n",
					elements_count);
				assert(elements_count == 1);
			} else {
				OUT("%d,\t/* Elements count */\n",
					elements_count);
			}
		} else {
			if(expr_elements_count(arg, expr))
				OUT("0, 0,\t/* Defined elsewhere */\n");
			else
				OUT("0, 0,\t/* No members */\n");
		}

		switch(spec) {
		case ETD_NO_SPECIFICS:
			OUT("0\t/* No specifics */\n");
			break;
		case ETD_HAS_SPECIFICS:
			OUT("&asn_SPC_%s_%d_specs\t/* Additional specs */\n",
				p, expr->_type_unique_index);
		}
	INDENT(-1);
	OUT("};\n");
	OUT("\n");

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Check if it is better to make this type indirectly accessed via
 * a pointer.
 * This may be the case for the following recursive definition:
 * Type ::= CHOICE { member Type };
 */
static int
expr_better_indirect(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr) {
	asn1p_expr_t *top_parent;
	asn1p_expr_t *terminal;

	if(expr->expr_type != A1TC_REFERENCE)
		return 0;

	/* -findirect-choice compiles members of CHOICE as indirect pointers */
	if((arg->flags & A1C_INDIRECT_CHOICE)
	 && arg->expr->expr_type == ASN_CONSTR_CHOICE)
		return 1;

	/* Rewind to the topmost parent expression */
	if((top_parent = expr->parent_expr)) {
		while(top_parent->parent_expr)
			top_parent = top_parent->parent_expr;
	} else {
		return 0;
	}

	terminal = asn1f_find_terminal_type_ex(arg->asn, expr);

	return (terminal == top_parent);
}

static int
expr_as_xmlvaluelist(arg_t *arg, asn1p_expr_t *expr) {
	expr = asn1f_find_terminal_type_ex(arg->asn, expr);
	if(!expr) return 0;

	/* X.680, 25.5, Table 5 */
	switch(expr->expr_type) {
	case ASN_BASIC_BOOLEAN:
	case ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED:
	case ASN_BASIC_NULL:
		return 1;
	default:
		return 0;
	}
}

static int
out_name_chain(arg_t *arg, enum onc_flags onc_flags) {
	asn1p_expr_t *expr = arg->expr;
	char *id;

	assert(expr->Identifier);

	if((arg->flags & A1C_COMPOUND_NAMES
	   || onc_flags & ONC_force_compound_name)
	&& ((expr->expr_type & ASN_CONSTR_MASK)
	   || expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_ENUMERATED
	   || ((expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_INTEGER
	   	|| expr->expr_type == ASN_BASIC_BIT_STRING)
		&& expr_elements_count(arg, expr))
	   )
	&& expr->parent_expr
	&& expr->parent_expr->Identifier) {
		arg_t tmparg = *arg;

		tmparg.expr = expr->parent_expr;
		if(0) tmparg.flags &= ~A1C_COMPOUND_NAMES;

		out_name_chain(&tmparg, onc_flags);

		OUT("__");	/* a separator between id components */

		/* Fall through */
	}

	if(onc_flags & ONC_avoid_keywords)
		id = MKID_safe(expr->Identifier);
	else
		id = MKID(expr->Identifier);
	OUT("%s", id);

	return 0;
}