remove libasn1c dependency and use asn1c without libasn1c

TODO: re-introduce talloc integration for asn1 runtime

Change-Id: I2140509c5359727f304470249be2a726b9a8deb1
diff --git a/src/rspro/INTEGER.c b/src/rspro/INTEGER.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3f0da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rspro/INTEGER.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1492 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2014 Lev Walkin <vlm@lionet.info>.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ * Redistribution and modifications are permitted subject to BSD license.
+ */
+#include <asn_internal.h>
+#include <INTEGER.h>
+#include <asn_codecs_prim.h>	/* Encoder and decoder of a primitive type */
+#include <errno.h>
+
+/*
+ * INTEGER basic type description.
+ */
+static const ber_tlv_tag_t asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags[] = {
+	(ASN_TAG_CLASS_UNIVERSAL | (2 << 2))
+};
+asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_INTEGER = {
+	"INTEGER",
+	"INTEGER",
+	ASN__PRIMITIVE_TYPE_free,
+	INTEGER_print,
+	asn_generic_no_constraint,
+	ber_decode_primitive,
+	INTEGER_encode_der,
+	INTEGER_decode_xer,
+	INTEGER_encode_xer,
+#ifdef	ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT
+	0,
+	0,
+	0,
+	0,
+#else
+	INTEGER_decode_uper,	/* Unaligned PER decoder */
+	INTEGER_encode_uper,	/* Unaligned PER encoder */
+	INTEGER_decode_aper,
+	INTEGER_encode_aper,
+#endif	/* ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT */
+	0, /* Use generic outmost tag fetcher */
+	asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags,
+	sizeof(asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags) / sizeof(asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags[0]),
+	asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags,	/* Same as above */
+	sizeof(asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags) / sizeof(asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags[0]),
+	0,	/* No PER visible constraints */
+	0, 0,	/* No members */
+	0	/* No specifics */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Encode INTEGER type using DER.
+ */
+asn_enc_rval_t
+INTEGER_encode_der(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr,
+	int tag_mode, ber_tlv_tag_t tag,
+	asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+	INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+
+	ASN_DEBUG("%s %s as INTEGER (tm=%d)",
+		cb?"Encoding":"Estimating", td->name, tag_mode);
+
+	/*
+	 * Canonicalize integer in the buffer.
+	 * (Remove too long sign extension, remove some first 0x00 bytes)
+	 */
+	if(st->buf) {
+		uint8_t *buf = st->buf;
+		uint8_t *end1 = buf + st->size - 1;
+		int shift;
+
+		/* Compute the number of superfluous leading bytes */
+		for(; buf < end1; buf++) {
+			/*
+			 * If the contents octets of an integer value encoding
+			 * consist of more than one octet, then the bits of the
+			 * first octet and bit 8 of the second octet:
+			 * a) shall not all be ones; and
+			 * b) shall not all be zero.
+			 */
+			switch(*buf) {
+			case 0x00: if((buf[1] & 0x80) == 0)
+					continue;
+				break;
+			case 0xff: if((buf[1] & 0x80))
+					continue;
+				break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/* Remove leading superfluous bytes from the integer */
+		shift = buf - st->buf;
+		if(shift) {
+			uint8_t *nb = st->buf;
+			uint8_t *end;
+
+			st->size -= shift;	/* New size, minus bad bytes */
+			end = nb + st->size;
+
+			for(; nb < end; nb++, buf++)
+				*nb = *buf;
+		}
+
+	} /* if(1) */
+
+	return der_encode_primitive(td, sptr, tag_mode, tag, cb, app_key);
+}
+
+static const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *INTEGER_map_enum2value(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs, const char *lstart, const char *lstop);
+
+/*
+ * INTEGER specific human-readable output.
+ */
+static ssize_t
+INTEGER__dump(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const INTEGER_t *st, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key, int plainOrXER) {
+	asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs=(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+	char scratch[32];	/* Enough for 64-bit integer */
+	uint8_t *buf = st->buf;
+	uint8_t *buf_end = st->buf + st->size;
+	signed long value;
+	ssize_t wrote = 0;
+	char *p;
+	int ret;
+
+	if(specs && specs->field_unsigned)
+		ret = asn_INTEGER2ulong(st, (unsigned long *)&value);
+	else
+		ret = asn_INTEGER2long(st, &value);
+
+	/* Simple case: the integer size is small */
+	if(ret == 0) {
+		const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el;
+		size_t scrsize;
+		char *scr;
+
+		el = (value >= 0 || !specs || !specs->field_unsigned)
+			? INTEGER_map_value2enum(specs, value) : 0;
+		if(el) {
+			scrsize = el->enum_len + 32;
+			scr = (char *)alloca(scrsize);
+			if(plainOrXER == 0)
+				ret = snprintf(scr, scrsize,
+					"%ld (%s)", value, el->enum_name);
+			else
+				ret = snprintf(scr, scrsize,
+					"<%s/>", el->enum_name);
+		} else if(plainOrXER && specs && specs->strict_enumeration) {
+			ASN_DEBUG("ASN.1 forbids dealing with "
+				"unknown value of ENUMERATED type");
+			errno = EPERM;
+			return -1;
+		} else {
+			scrsize = sizeof(scratch);
+			scr = scratch;
+			ret = snprintf(scr, scrsize,
+				(specs && specs->field_unsigned)
+				?"%lu":"%ld", value);
+		}
+		assert(ret > 0 && (size_t)ret < scrsize);
+		return (cb(scr, ret, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : ret;
+	} else if(plainOrXER && specs && specs->strict_enumeration) {
+		/*
+		 * Here and earlier, we cannot encode the ENUMERATED values
+		 * if there is no corresponding identifier.
+		 */
+		ASN_DEBUG("ASN.1 forbids dealing with "
+			"unknown value of ENUMERATED type");
+		errno = EPERM;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* Output in the long xx:yy:zz... format */
+	/* TODO: replace with generic algorithm (Knuth TAOCP Vol 2, 4.3.1) */
+	for(p = scratch; buf < buf_end; buf++) {
+		const char * const h2c = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+		if((p - scratch) >= (ssize_t)(sizeof(scratch) - 4)) {
+			/* Flush buffer */
+			if(cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0)
+				return -1;
+			wrote += p - scratch;
+			p = scratch;
+		}
+		*p++ = h2c[*buf >> 4];
+		*p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
+		*p++ = 0x3a;	/* ":" */
+	}
+	if(p != scratch)
+		p--;	/* Remove the last ":" */
+
+	wrote += p - scratch;
+	return (cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : wrote;
+}
+
+/*
+ * INTEGER specific human-readable output.
+ */
+int
+INTEGER_print(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr, int ilevel,
+	asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+	const INTEGER_t *st = (const INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+	ssize_t ret;
+
+	(void)td;
+	(void)ilevel;
+
+	if(!st || !st->buf)
+		ret = cb("<absent>", 8, app_key);
+	else
+		ret = INTEGER__dump(td, st, cb, app_key, 0);
+
+	return (ret < 0) ? -1 : 0;
+}
+
+struct e2v_key {
+	const char *start;
+	const char *stop;
+	const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *vemap;
+	const unsigned int *evmap;
+};
+static int
+INTEGER__compar_enum2value(const void *kp, const void *am) {
+	const struct e2v_key *key = (const struct e2v_key *)kp;
+	const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el = (const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *)am;
+	const char *ptr, *end, *name;
+
+	/* Remap the element (sort by different criterion) */
+	el = key->vemap + key->evmap[el - key->vemap];
+
+	/* Compare strings */
+	for(ptr = key->start, end = key->stop, name = el->enum_name;
+			ptr < end; ptr++, name++) {
+		if(*ptr != *name)
+			return *(const unsigned char *)ptr
+				- *(const unsigned char *)name;
+	}
+	return name[0] ? -1 : 0;
+}
+
+static const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *
+INTEGER_map_enum2value(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs, const char *lstart, const char *lstop) {
+	const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el_found;
+	int count = specs ? specs->map_count : 0;
+	struct e2v_key key;
+	const char *lp;
+
+	if(!count) return NULL;
+
+	/* Guaranteed: assert(lstart < lstop); */
+	/* Figure out the tag name */
+	for(lstart++, lp = lstart; lp < lstop; lp++) {
+		switch(*lp) {
+		case 9: case 10: case 11: case 12: case 13: case 32: /* WSP */
+		case 0x2f: /* '/' */ case 0x3e: /* '>' */
+			break;
+		default:
+			continue;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	if(lp == lstop) return NULL;	/* No tag found */
+	lstop = lp;
+
+	key.start = lstart;
+	key.stop = lstop;
+	key.vemap = specs->value2enum;
+	key.evmap = specs->enum2value;
+	el_found = (asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *)bsearch(&key,
+		specs->value2enum, count, sizeof(specs->value2enum[0]),
+		INTEGER__compar_enum2value);
+	if(el_found) {
+		/* Remap enum2value into value2enum */
+		el_found = key.vemap + key.evmap[el_found - key.vemap];
+	}
+	return el_found;
+}
+
+static int
+INTEGER__compar_value2enum(const void *kp, const void *am) {
+	long a = *(const long *)kp;
+	const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el = (const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *)am;
+	long b = el->nat_value;
+	if(a < b) return -1;
+	else if(a == b) return 0;
+	else return 1;
+}
+
+const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *
+INTEGER_map_value2enum(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs, long value) {
+	int count = specs ? specs->map_count : 0;
+	if(!count) return 0;
+	return (asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *)bsearch(&value, specs->value2enum,
+		count, sizeof(specs->value2enum[0]),
+		INTEGER__compar_value2enum);
+}
+
+static int
+INTEGER_st_prealloc(INTEGER_t *st, int min_size) {
+	void *p = MALLOC(min_size + 1);
+	if(p) {
+		void *b = st->buf;
+		st->size = 0;
+		st->buf = p;
+		FREEMEM(b);
+		return 0;
+	} else {
+		return -1;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode the chunk of XML text encoding INTEGER.
+ */
+static enum xer_pbd_rval
+INTEGER__xer_body_decode(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf, size_t chunk_size) {
+	INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+	long dec_value;
+	long hex_value = 0;
+	const char *lp;
+	const char *lstart = (const char *)chunk_buf;
+	const char *lstop = lstart + chunk_size;
+	enum {
+		ST_LEADSPACE,
+		ST_SKIPSPHEX,
+		ST_WAITDIGITS,
+		ST_DIGITS,
+		ST_DIGITS_TRAILSPACE,
+		ST_HEXDIGIT1,
+		ST_HEXDIGIT2,
+		ST_HEXDIGITS_TRAILSPACE,
+		ST_HEXCOLON,
+		ST_END_ENUM,
+		ST_UNEXPECTED
+	} state = ST_LEADSPACE;
+	const char *dec_value_start = 0; /* INVARIANT: always !0 in ST_DIGITS */
+	const char *dec_value_end = 0;
+
+	if(chunk_size)
+		ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER body %ld 0x%2x..0x%2x",
+			(long)chunk_size, *lstart, lstop[-1]);
+
+	if(INTEGER_st_prealloc(st, (chunk_size/3) + 1))
+		return XPBD_SYSTEM_FAILURE;
+
+	/*
+	 * We may have received a tag here. It will be processed inline.
+	 * Use strtoul()-like code and serialize the result.
+	 */
+	for(lp = lstart; lp < lstop; lp++) {
+		int lv = *lp;
+		switch(lv) {
+		case 0x09: case 0x0a: case 0x0d: case 0x20:
+			switch(state) {
+			case ST_LEADSPACE:
+			case ST_DIGITS_TRAILSPACE:
+			case ST_HEXDIGITS_TRAILSPACE:
+			case ST_SKIPSPHEX:
+				continue;
+			case ST_DIGITS:
+				dec_value_end = lp;
+				state = ST_DIGITS_TRAILSPACE;
+				continue;
+			case ST_HEXCOLON:
+				state = ST_HEXDIGITS_TRAILSPACE;
+				continue;
+			default:
+				break;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 0x2d:	/* '-' */
+			if(state == ST_LEADSPACE) {
+				dec_value = 0;
+				dec_value_start = lp;
+				state = ST_WAITDIGITS;
+				continue;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 0x2b:	/* '+' */
+			if(state == ST_LEADSPACE) {
+				dec_value = 0;
+				dec_value_start = lp;
+				state = ST_WAITDIGITS;
+				continue;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34:
+		case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39:
+			switch(state) {
+			case ST_DIGITS: continue;
+			case ST_SKIPSPHEX:	/* Fall through */
+			case ST_HEXDIGIT1:
+				hex_value = (lv - 0x30) << 4;
+				state = ST_HEXDIGIT2;
+				continue;
+			case ST_HEXDIGIT2:
+				hex_value += (lv - 0x30);
+				state = ST_HEXCOLON;
+				st->buf[st->size++] = (uint8_t)hex_value;
+				continue;
+			case ST_HEXCOLON:
+				return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;
+			case ST_LEADSPACE:
+				dec_value = 0;
+				dec_value_start = lp;
+				/* FALL THROUGH */
+			case ST_WAITDIGITS:
+				state = ST_DIGITS;
+				continue;
+			default:
+				break;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 0x3c:	/* '<', start of XML encoded enumeration */
+			if(state == ST_LEADSPACE) {
+				const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el;
+				el = INTEGER_map_enum2value(
+					(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)
+					td->specifics, lstart, lstop);
+				if(el) {
+					ASN_DEBUG("Found \"%s\" => %lld",
+						el->enum_name, el->nat_value);
+					dec_value = el->nat_value;
+					state = ST_END_ENUM;
+					lp = lstop - 1;
+					continue;
+				}
+				ASN_DEBUG("Unknown identifier for INTEGER");
+			}
+			return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;
+		case 0x3a:	/* ':' */
+			if(state == ST_HEXCOLON) {
+				/* This colon is expected */
+				state = ST_HEXDIGIT1;
+				continue;
+			} else if(state == ST_DIGITS) {
+				/* The colon here means that we have
+				 * decoded the first two hexadecimal
+				 * places as a decimal value.
+				 * Switch decoding mode. */
+				ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER re-evaluate as hex form");
+				state = ST_SKIPSPHEX;
+				dec_value_start = 0;
+				lp = lstart - 1;
+				continue;
+			} else {
+				ASN_DEBUG("state %d at %ld", state, (long)(lp - lstart));
+				break;
+			}
+		/* [A-Fa-f] */
+		case 0x41:case 0x42:case 0x43:case 0x44:case 0x45:case 0x46:
+		case 0x61:case 0x62:case 0x63:case 0x64:case 0x65:case 0x66:
+			switch(state) {
+			case ST_SKIPSPHEX:
+			case ST_LEADSPACE: /* Fall through */
+			case ST_HEXDIGIT1:
+				hex_value = lv - ((lv < 0x61) ? 0x41 : 0x61);
+				hex_value += 10;
+				hex_value <<= 4;
+				state = ST_HEXDIGIT2;
+				continue;
+			case ST_HEXDIGIT2:
+				hex_value += lv - ((lv < 0x61) ? 0x41 : 0x61);
+				hex_value += 10;
+				st->buf[st->size++] = (uint8_t)hex_value;
+				state = ST_HEXCOLON;
+				continue;
+			case ST_DIGITS:
+				ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER re-evaluate as hex form");
+				state = ST_SKIPSPHEX;
+				dec_value_start = 0;
+				lp = lstart - 1;
+				continue;
+			default:
+				break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/* Found extra non-numeric stuff */
+		ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER :: Found non-numeric 0x%2x at %ld",
+			lv, (long)(lp - lstart));
+		state = ST_UNEXPECTED;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	switch(state) {
+	case ST_END_ENUM:
+		/* Got a complete and valid enumeration encoded as a tag. */
+		break;
+	case ST_DIGITS:
+		dec_value_end = lstop;
+		/* FALL THROUGH */
+	case ST_DIGITS_TRAILSPACE:
+		/* The last symbol encountered was a digit. */
+		switch(asn_strtol_lim(dec_value_start, &dec_value_end, &dec_value)) {
+		case ASN_STRTOL_OK:
+			break;
+		case ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_RANGE:
+			return XPBD_DECODER_LIMIT;
+		case ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_INVAL:
+		case ASN_STRTOL_EXPECT_MORE:
+		case ASN_STRTOL_EXTRA_DATA:
+			return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;
+		}
+		break;
+	case ST_HEXCOLON:
+	case ST_HEXDIGITS_TRAILSPACE:
+		st->buf[st->size] = 0;	/* Just in case termination */
+		return XPBD_BODY_CONSUMED;
+	case ST_HEXDIGIT1:
+	case ST_HEXDIGIT2:
+	case ST_SKIPSPHEX:
+		return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;
+	case ST_LEADSPACE:
+		/* Content not found */
+		return XPBD_NOT_BODY_IGNORE;
+	case ST_WAITDIGITS:
+	case ST_UNEXPECTED:
+		ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER: No useful digits (state %d)", state);
+		return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;	/* No digits */
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Convert the result of parsing of enumeration or a straight
+	 * decimal value into a BER representation.
+	 */
+	if(asn_long2INTEGER(st, dec_value))
+		return XPBD_SYSTEM_FAILURE;
+
+	return XPBD_BODY_CONSUMED;
+}
+
+asn_dec_rval_t
+INTEGER_decode_xer(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+	asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr, const char *opt_mname,
+		const void *buf_ptr, size_t size) {
+
+	return xer_decode_primitive(opt_codec_ctx, td,
+		sptr, sizeof(INTEGER_t), opt_mname,
+		buf_ptr, size, INTEGER__xer_body_decode);
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+INTEGER_encode_xer(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr,
+	int ilevel, enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,
+		asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+	const INTEGER_t *st = (const INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+	asn_enc_rval_t er;
+
+	(void)ilevel;
+	(void)flags;
+	
+	if(!st || !st->buf)
+		_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+	er.encoded = INTEGER__dump(td, st, cb, app_key, 1);
+	if(er.encoded < 0) _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+	_ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+#ifndef	ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT
+
+asn_dec_rval_t
+INTEGER_decode_uper(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx, asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+	asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, void **sptr, asn_per_data_t *pd) {
+	asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs=(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+	asn_dec_rval_t rval = { RC_OK, 0 };
+	INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)*sptr;
+	asn_per_constraint_t *ct;
+	int repeat;
+
+	(void)opt_codec_ctx;
+
+	if(!st) {
+		st = (INTEGER_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, sizeof(*st)));
+		if(!st) _ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	if(!constraints) constraints = td->per_constraints;
+	ct = constraints ? &constraints->value : 0;
+
+	if(ct && ct->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+		int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
+		if(inext < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+		if(inext) ct = 0;
+	}
+
+	FREEMEM(st->buf);
+	st->buf = 0;
+	st->size = 0;
+	if(ct) {
+		if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+			st->buf = (uint8_t *)CALLOC(1, 2);
+			if(!st->buf) _ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+			st->size = 1;
+		} else if(ct->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED && ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+			size_t size = (ct->range_bits + 7) >> 3;
+			st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(1 + size + 1);
+			if(!st->buf) _ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+			st->size = size;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* X.691-2008/11, #13.2.2, constrained whole number */
+	if(ct && ct->flags != APC_UNCONSTRAINED) {
+		/* #11.5.6 */
+		ASN_DEBUG("Integer with range %d bits", ct->range_bits);
+		if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+			if((size_t)ct->range_bits > 8 * sizeof(unsigned long))
+				_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+
+			if(specs && specs->field_unsigned) {
+				unsigned long uvalue;
+				if(uper_get_constrained_whole_number(pd,
+					&uvalue, ct->range_bits))
+					_ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+				ASN_DEBUG("Got value %lu + low %lld",
+					uvalue, ct->lower_bound);
+				uvalue += ct->lower_bound;
+				if(asn_ulong2INTEGER(st, uvalue))
+					_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+			} else {
+				unsigned long svalue;
+				if(uper_get_constrained_whole_number(pd,
+					&svalue, ct->range_bits))
+					_ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+				ASN_DEBUG("Got value %ld + low %ld",
+					svalue, ct->lower_bound);
+				svalue += ct->lower_bound;
+				if(asn_long2INTEGER(st, svalue))
+					_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+			}
+			return rval;
+		}
+	} else {
+		ASN_DEBUG("Decoding unconstrained integer %s", td->name);
+	}
+
+	/* X.691, #12.2.3, #12.2.4 */
+	do {
+		ssize_t len;
+		void *p;
+		int ret;
+
+		/* Get the PER length */
+		len = uper_get_length(pd, -1, &repeat);
+		if(len < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+
+		p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len + 1);
+		if(!p) _ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+		st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
+
+		ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, &st->buf[st->size], 0, 8 * len);
+		if(ret < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+		st->size += len;
+	} while(repeat);
+	st->buf[st->size] = 0;	/* JIC */
+
+	/* #12.2.3 */
+	if(ct && ct->lower_bound) {
+		/*
+		 * TODO: replace by in-place arithmetics.
+		 */
+		long value;
+		if(asn_INTEGER2long(st, &value))
+			_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+		if(asn_long2INTEGER(st, value + ct->lower_bound))
+			_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	return rval;
+}
+
+asn_dec_rval_t
+INTEGER_decode_aper(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx, asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+	asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, void **sptr, asn_per_data_t *pd) {
+	asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs=(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+	asn_dec_rval_t rval = { RC_OK, 0 };
+	INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)*sptr;
+	asn_per_constraint_t *ct;
+	int repeat;
+
+	(void)opt_codec_ctx;
+
+	if(!st) {
+		st = (INTEGER_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, sizeof(*st)));
+		if(!st) _ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	if(!constraints) constraints = td->per_constraints;
+	ct = constraints ? &constraints->value : 0;
+
+	if(ct && ct->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+		int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
+		if(inext < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+		if(inext) ct = 0;
+	}
+
+	FREEMEM(st->buf);
+	st->buf = 0;
+	st->size = 0;
+	if(ct) {
+		if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+			st->buf = (uint8_t *)CALLOC(1, 2);
+			if(!st->buf) _ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+			st->size = 1;
+		} else if(ct->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED && ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+			size_t size = (ct->range_bits + 7) >> 3;
+			st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(1 + size + 1);
+			if(!st->buf) _ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+			st->size = size;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* X.691, #12.2.2 */
+	if(ct && ct->flags != APC_UNCONSTRAINED) {
+		/* #10.5.6 */
+		ASN_DEBUG("Integer with range %d bits", ct->range_bits);
+		if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+			if (ct->range_bits > 16) {
+				int max_range_bytes = (ct->range_bits >> 3) +
+					(((ct->range_bits % 8) > 0) ? 1 : 0);
+				int length = 0, i;
+				int64_t value = 0;
+
+				for (i = 1; ; i++) {
+					int upper = 1 << i;
+					if (upper >= max_range_bytes)
+						break;
+				}
+				ASN_DEBUG("Can encode %d (%d bytes) in %d bits", ct->range_bits,
+						max_range_bytes, i);
+
+				if ((length = per_get_few_bits(pd, i)) < 0)
+					_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+
+				/* X.691 #12.2.6 length determinant + lb (1) */
+				length += 1;
+				ASN_DEBUG("Got length %d", length);
+
+				if (aper_get_align(pd) != 0)
+					_ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+
+				while (length--) {
+					int buf = per_get_few_bits(pd, 8);
+					if (buf < 0)
+						_ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+					value += (((int64_t)buf) << (8 * length));
+				}
+
+				value += ct->lower_bound;
+				if((specs && specs->field_unsigned)
+					? asn_uint642INTEGER(st, value)
+					: asn_int642INTEGER(st, value))
+					_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+				ASN_DEBUG("Got value %lld + low %lld",
+						  value, ct->lower_bound);
+			} else {
+				long value = 0;
+				if (ct->range_bits < 8) {
+					value = per_get_few_bits(pd, ct->range_bits);
+					if(value < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+				} else if (ct->range_bits == 8) {
+					if (aper_get_align(pd) < 0)
+						_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+					value = per_get_few_bits(pd, ct->range_bits);
+					if(value < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+				} else {
+					/* Align */
+					if (aper_get_align(pd) < 0)
+						_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+					value = per_get_few_bits(pd, 16);
+					if(value < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+				}
+				value += ct->lower_bound;
+				if((specs && specs->field_unsigned)
+					? asn_ulong2INTEGER(st, value)
+					: asn_long2INTEGER(st, value))
+					_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+					ASN_DEBUG("Got value %ld + low %lld",
+							  value, ct->lower_bound);
+			}
+			return rval;
+		} else {
+			_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+		}
+	} else {
+		ASN_DEBUG("Decoding unconstrained integer %s", td->name);
+	}
+
+	/* X.691, #12.2.3, #12.2.4 */
+	do {
+		ssize_t len;
+		void *p;
+		int ret;
+
+		/* Get the PER length */
+		len = aper_get_length(pd, -1, -1, &repeat);
+		if(len < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+
+		p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len + 1);
+		if(!p) _ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+		st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
+
+		ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, &st->buf[st->size], 0, 8 * len);
+		if(ret < 0) _ASN_DECODE_STARVED;
+		st->size += len;
+	} while(repeat);
+	st->buf[st->size] = 0;	/* JIC */
+
+	/* #12.2.3 */
+	if(ct && ct->lower_bound) {
+		/*
+		 * TODO: replace by in-place arithmetics.
+		 */
+		long value;
+		if(asn_INTEGER2long(st, &value))
+			_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+		if(asn_long2INTEGER(st, value + ct->lower_bound))
+			_ASN_DECODE_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	return rval;
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+INTEGER_encode_uper(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+	asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, void *sptr, asn_per_outp_t *po) {
+	asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs=(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+	asn_enc_rval_t er;
+	INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+	const uint8_t *buf;
+	const uint8_t *end;
+	asn_per_constraint_t *ct;
+	long value = 0;
+
+	if(!st || st->size == 0) _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+	if(!constraints) constraints = td->per_constraints;
+	ct = constraints ? &constraints->value : 0;
+
+	er.encoded = 0;
+
+	if(ct) {
+		int inext = 0;
+		if(specs && specs->field_unsigned) {
+			unsigned long uval;
+			if(asn_INTEGER2ulong(st, &uval))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			/* Check proper range */
+			if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+				if(uval < (unsigned long)ct->lower_bound)
+					inext = 1;
+			} else if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+				if(uval < (unsigned long)ct->lower_bound
+				|| uval > (unsigned long)ct->upper_bound)
+					inext = 1;
+			}
+			ASN_DEBUG("Value %lu (%02x/%d) lb %llu ub %llu %s",
+				uval, st->buf[0], st->size,
+				ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound,
+				inext ? "ext" : "fix");
+			value = uval;
+		} else {
+			if(asn_INTEGER2long(st, &value))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			/* Check proper range */
+			if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+				if(value < ct->lower_bound)
+					inext = 1;
+			} else if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+				if(value < ct->lower_bound
+				|| value > ct->upper_bound)
+					inext = 1;
+			}
+			ASN_DEBUG("Value %ld (%02x/%d) lb %lld ub %lld %s",
+				value, st->buf[0], st->size,
+				ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound,
+				inext ? "ext" : "fix");
+		}
+		if(ct->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+			if(per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			if(inext) ct = 0;
+		} else if(inext) {
+			_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/* X.691-11/2008, #13.2.2, test if constrained whole number */
+	if(ct && ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+		/* #11.5.6 -> #11.3 */
+		ASN_DEBUG("Encoding integer %ld (%lu) with range %d bits",
+			value, value - ct->lower_bound, ct->range_bits);
+		unsigned long v = value - ct->lower_bound;
+		if(uper_put_constrained_whole_number_u(po, v, ct->range_bits))
+			_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		_ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
+	}
+
+	if(ct && ct->lower_bound) {
+		ASN_DEBUG("Adjust lower bound to %lld", ct->lower_bound);
+		/* TODO: adjust lower bound */
+		_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	for(buf = st->buf, end = st->buf + st->size; buf < end;) {
+		ssize_t mayEncode = uper_put_length(po, end - buf);
+		if(mayEncode < 0)
+			_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		if(per_put_many_bits(po, buf, 8 * mayEncode))
+			_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		buf += mayEncode;
+	}
+
+	_ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+INTEGER_encode_aper(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+	asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, void *sptr, asn_per_outp_t *po) {
+	asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs=(asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+	asn_enc_rval_t er;
+	INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+	const uint8_t *buf;
+	const uint8_t *end;
+	asn_per_constraint_t *ct;
+	int64_t value = 0;
+
+	if(!st || st->size == 0) _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+	if(!constraints) constraints = td->per_constraints;
+	ct = constraints ? &constraints->value : 0;
+
+	er.encoded = 0;
+
+	if(ct) {
+		int inext = 0;
+		if(specs && specs->field_unsigned) {
+			uint64_t uval;
+			if(asn_INTEGER2uint64(st, &uval))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			/* Check proper range */
+			if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+				if(uval < (unsigned long long)ct->lower_bound)
+					inext = 1;
+			} else if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+				if(uval < (unsigned long long)ct->lower_bound
+					|| uval > (unsigned long long)ct->upper_bound)
+					inext = 1;
+			}
+			ASN_DEBUG("Value %llu (%02x/%d) lb %llu ub %llu %s",
+								uval, st->buf[0], st->size,
+								ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound,
+								inext ? "ext" : "fix");
+						value = uval;
+		} else {
+			if(asn_INTEGER2int64(st, &value)) _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			/* Check proper range */
+			if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+				if(value < ct->lower_bound)
+					inext = 1;
+			} else if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+				if(value < ct->lower_bound
+					|| value > ct->upper_bound)
+					inext = 1;
+			}
+			ASN_DEBUG("Value %lld (%02x/%d) lb %lld ub %lld %s",
+					  value, st->buf[0], st->size,
+					  ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound,
+					  inext ? "ext" : "fix");
+		}
+		if(ct->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+			if(per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			if(inext) ct = 0;
+		} else if(inext) {
+			_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* X.691, #12.2.2 */
+	if(ct && ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+		/* #10.5.6 */
+		ASN_DEBUG("Encoding integer %ld (%lu) with range %d bits",
+			value, value - ct->lower_bound, ct->range_bits);
+		unsigned long v = value - ct->lower_bound;
+
+		/* #12 <= 8 -> alignment ? */
+		if (ct->range_bits < 8) {
+			if(per_put_few_bits(po, 0x00 | v, ct->range_bits))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		} else if (ct->range_bits == 8) {
+			if(aper_put_align(po) < 0)
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			if(per_put_few_bits(po, 0x00 | v, ct->range_bits))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		} else if (ct->range_bits <= 16) {
+			// Consume the bytes to align on octet
+			if(aper_put_align(po) < 0)
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			if(per_put_few_bits(po, 0x0000 | v,
+				16))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		} else {
+			/* TODO: extend to >64 bits */
+			int64_t v64 = v;
+			int i, j;
+			int max_range_bytes = (ct->range_bits >> 3) +
+					(((ct->range_bits % 8) > 0) ? 1 : 0);
+
+			for (i = 1; ; i++) {
+				int upper = 1 << i;
+				if (upper >= max_range_bytes)
+					break;
+			}
+
+			for (j = sizeof(int64_t) -1; j != 0; j--) {
+				uint8_t val;
+				val = v64 >> (j * 8);
+				if (val != 0)
+					break;
+			}
+
+			/* Putting length in the minimum number of bits ex: 5 = 3bits */
+			if (per_put_few_bits(po, j, i))
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+			// Consume the bits to align on octet
+			if (aper_put_align(po) < 0)
+				_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+			/* Put the value */
+			for (i = 0; i <= j; i++) {
+				if(per_put_few_bits(po, (v64 >> (8 * (j - i))) & 0xff, 8))
+					_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+			}
+		}
+		_ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
+	}
+
+	if(ct && ct->lower_bound) {
+		ASN_DEBUG("Adjust lower bound to %lld", ct->lower_bound);
+		/* TODO: adjust lower bound */
+		_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	for(buf = st->buf, end = st->buf + st->size; buf < end;) {
+		ssize_t mayEncode = aper_put_length(po, -1, end - buf);
+		if(mayEncode < 0)
+			_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		if(per_put_many_bits(po, buf, 8 * mayEncode))
+			_ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
+		buf += mayEncode;
+	}
+
+	_ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+#endif	/* ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT */
+
+int
+asn_INTEGER2long(const INTEGER_t *iptr, long *lptr) {
+	uint8_t *b, *end;
+	size_t size;
+	long l;
+
+	/* Sanity checking */
+	if(!iptr || !iptr->buf || !lptr) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* Cache the begin/end of the buffer */
+	b = iptr->buf;	/* Start of the INTEGER buffer */
+	size = iptr->size;
+	end = b + size;	/* Where to stop */
+
+	if(size > sizeof(long)) {
+		uint8_t *end1 = end - 1;
+		/*
+		 * Slightly more advanced processing,
+		 * able to >sizeof(long) bytes,
+		 * when the actual value is small
+		 * (0x0000000000abcdef would yield a fine 0x00abcdef)
+		 */
+		/* Skip out the insignificant leading bytes */
+		for(; b < end1; b++) {
+			switch(*b) {
+			case 0x00: if((b[1] & 0x80) == 0) continue; break;
+			case 0xff: if((b[1] & 0x80) != 0) continue; break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		size = end - b;
+		if(size > sizeof(long)) {
+			/* Still cannot fit the long */
+			errno = ERANGE;
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Shortcut processing of a corner case */
+	if(end == b) {
+		*lptr = 0;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Perform the sign initialization */
+	/* Actually l = -(*b >> 7); gains nothing, yet unreadable! */
+	if((*b >> 7)) l = -1; else l = 0;
+
+	/* Conversion engine */
+	for(; b < end; b++)
+		l = (l << 8) | *b;
+
+	*lptr = l;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_INTEGER2int64(const INTEGER_t *iptr, int64_t *lptr) {
+	uint8_t *b, *end;
+	size_t size;
+	int64_t l;
+
+	/* Sanity checking */
+	if(!iptr || !iptr->buf || !lptr) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* Cache the begin/end of the buffer */
+	b = iptr->buf;	/* Start of the INTEGER buffer */
+	size = iptr->size;
+	end = b + size;	/* Where to stop */
+
+	if(size > sizeof(int64_t)) {
+		uint8_t *end1 = end - 1;
+		/*
+		 * Slightly more advanced processing,
+		 * able to >sizeof(int64_t) bytes,
+		 * when the actual value is small
+		 * (0x0000000000abcdef would yield a fine 0x00abcdef)
+		 */
+		/* Skip out the insignificant leading bytes */
+		for(; b < end1; b++) {
+			switch(*b) {
+				case 0x00: if((b[1] & 0x80) == 0) continue; break;
+				case 0xff: if((b[1] & 0x80) != 0) continue; break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		size = end - b;
+		if(size > sizeof(int64_t)) {
+			/* Still cannot fit the int64_t */
+			errno = ERANGE;
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Shortcut processing of a corner case */
+	if(end == b) {
+		*lptr = 0;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Perform the sign initialization */
+	/* Actually l = -(*b >> 7); gains nothing, yet unreadable! */
+	if((*b >> 7)) l = -1; else l = 0;
+
+	/* Conversion engine */
+	for(; b < end; b++)
+		l = (l << 8) | *b;
+
+	*lptr = l;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_INTEGER2ulong(const INTEGER_t *iptr, unsigned long *lptr) {
+	uint8_t *b, *end;
+	unsigned long l;
+	size_t size;
+
+	if(!iptr || !iptr->buf || !lptr) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	b = iptr->buf;
+	size = iptr->size;
+	end = b + size;
+
+	/* If all extra leading bytes are zeroes, ignore them */
+	for(; size > sizeof(unsigned long); b++, size--) {
+		if(*b) {
+			/* Value won't fit unsigned long */
+			errno = ERANGE;
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Conversion engine */
+	for(l = 0; b < end; b++)
+		l = (l << 8) | *b;
+
+	*lptr = l;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_INTEGER2uint64(const INTEGER_t *iptr, uint64_t *lptr) {
+	uint8_t *b, *end;
+	uint64_t l;
+	size_t size;
+
+	if(!iptr || !iptr->buf || !lptr) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	b = iptr->buf;
+	size = iptr->size;
+	end = b + size;
+
+	/* If all extra leading bytes are zeroes, ignore them */
+	for(; size > sizeof(uint64_t); b++, size--) {
+		if(*b) {
+			/* Value won't fit unsigned long */
+			errno = ERANGE;
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Conversion engine */
+	for(l = 0; b < end; b++)
+		l = (l << 8) | *b;
+
+	*lptr = l;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_ulong2INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, unsigned long value) {
+	uint8_t *buf;
+	uint8_t *end;
+	uint8_t *b;
+	int shr;
+
+	if(value <= LONG_MAX)
+		return asn_long2INTEGER(st, value);
+
+	buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(1 + sizeof(value));
+	if(!buf) return -1;
+
+	end = buf + (sizeof(value) + 1);
+	buf[0] = 0;
+	for(b = buf + 1, shr = (sizeof(long)-1)*8; b < end; shr -= 8, b++)
+		*b = (uint8_t)(value >> shr);
+
+	if(st->buf) FREEMEM(st->buf);
+	st->buf = buf;
+	st->size = 1 + sizeof(value);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_uint642INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, uint64_t value) {
+	uint8_t *buf;
+	uint8_t *end;
+	uint8_t *b;
+	int shr;
+
+	if(value <= INT64_MAX)
+		return asn_int642INTEGER(st, value);
+
+	buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(1 + sizeof(value));
+	if(!buf) return -1;
+
+	end = buf + (sizeof(value) + 1);
+	buf[0] = 0;
+	for(b = buf + 1, shr = (sizeof(value)-1)*8; b < end; shr -= 8, b++)
+		*b = (uint8_t)(value >> shr);
+
+	if(st->buf) FREEMEM(st->buf);
+	st->buf = buf;
+	st->size = 1 + sizeof(value);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_int642INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, int64_t value) {
+	uint8_t *buf, *bp;
+	uint8_t *p;
+	uint8_t *pstart;
+	uint8_t *pend1;
+	int littleEndian = 1;	/* Run-time detection */
+	int add;
+
+	if(!st) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(sizeof(value));
+	if(!buf) return -1;
+
+	if(*(char *)&littleEndian) {
+		pstart = (uint8_t *)&value + sizeof(value) - 1;
+		pend1 = (uint8_t *)&value;
+		add = -1;
+	} else {
+		pstart = (uint8_t *)&value;
+		pend1 = pstart + sizeof(value) - 1;
+		add = 1;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If the contents octet consists of more than one octet,
+	 * then bits of the first octet and bit 8 of the second octet:
+	 * a) shall not all be ones; and
+	 * b) shall not all be zero.
+	 */
+	for(p = pstart; p != pend1; p += add) {
+		switch(*p) {
+		case 0x00: if((*(p+add) & 0x80) == 0)
+				continue;
+			break;
+		case 0xff: if((*(p+add) & 0x80))
+				continue;
+			break;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	/* Copy the integer body */
+	for(pstart = p, bp = buf, pend1 += add; p != pend1; p += add)
+		*bp++ = *p;
+
+	if(st->buf) FREEMEM(st->buf);
+	st->buf = buf;
+	st->size = bp - buf;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_long2INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, long value) {
+	uint8_t *buf, *bp;
+	uint8_t *p;
+	uint8_t *pstart;
+	uint8_t *pend1;
+	int littleEndian = 1;	/* Run-time detection */
+	int add;
+
+	if(!st) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(sizeof(value));
+	if(!buf) return -1;
+
+	if(*(char *)&littleEndian) {
+		pstart = (uint8_t *)&value + sizeof(value) - 1;
+		pend1 = (uint8_t *)&value;
+		add = -1;
+	} else {
+		pstart = (uint8_t *)&value;
+		pend1 = pstart + sizeof(value) - 1;
+		add = 1;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If the contents octet consists of more than one octet,
+	 * then bits of the first octet and bit 8 of the second octet:
+	 * a) shall not all be ones; and
+	 * b) shall not all be zero.
+	 */
+	for(p = pstart; p != pend1; p += add) {
+		switch(*p) {
+		case 0x00: if((*(p+add) & 0x80) == 0)
+				continue;
+			break;
+		case 0xff: if((*(p+add) & 0x80))
+				continue;
+			break;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	/* Copy the integer body */
+	for(pstart = p, bp = buf, pend1 += add; p != pend1; p += add)
+		*bp++ = *p;
+
+	if(st->buf) FREEMEM(st->buf);
+	st->buf = buf;
+	st->size = bp - buf;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * This function is going to be DEPRECATED soon.
+ */
+enum asn_strtol_result_e
+asn_strtol(const char *str, const char *end, long *lp) {
+    const char *endp = end;
+
+    switch(asn_strtol_lim(str, &endp, lp)) {
+    case ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_RANGE:
+        return ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_RANGE;
+    case ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_INVAL:
+        return ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_INVAL;
+    case ASN_STRTOL_EXPECT_MORE:
+        return ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_INVAL;  /* Retain old behavior */
+    case ASN_STRTOL_OK:
+        return ASN_STRTOL_OK;
+    case ASN_STRTOL_EXTRA_DATA:
+        return ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_INVAL;  /* Retain old behavior */
+    }
+
+    return ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_INVAL;  /* Retain old behavior */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse the number in the given string until the given *end position,
+ * returning the position after the last parsed character back using the
+ * same (*end) pointer.
+ * WARNING: This behavior is different from the standard strtol(3).
+ */
+enum asn_strtol_result_e
+asn_strtol_lim(const char *str, const char **end, long *lp) {
+	int sign = 1;
+	long l;
+
+	const long upper_boundary = LONG_MAX / 10;
+	long last_digit_max = LONG_MAX % 10;
+
+	if(str >= *end) return ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_INVAL;
+
+	switch(*str) {
+	case '-':
+		last_digit_max++;
+		sign = -1;
+	case '+':
+		str++;
+		if(str >= *end) {
+			*end = str;
+			return ASN_STRTOL_EXPECT_MORE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	for(l = 0; str < (*end); str++) {
+		switch(*str) {
+		case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34:
+		case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39: {
+			int d = *str - '0';
+			if(l < upper_boundary) {
+				l = l * 10 + d;
+			} else if(l == upper_boundary) {
+				if(d <= last_digit_max) {
+					if(sign > 0) {
+						l = l * 10 + d;
+					} else {
+						sign = 1;
+						l = -l * 10 - d;
+					}
+				} else {
+					*end = str;
+					return ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_RANGE;
+				}
+			} else {
+				*end = str;
+				return ASN_STRTOL_ERROR_RANGE;
+			}
+		    }
+		    continue;
+		default:
+		    *end = str;
+		    *lp = sign * l;
+		    return ASN_STRTOL_EXTRA_DATA;
+		}
+	}
+
+	*end = str;
+	*lp = sign * l;
+	return ASN_STRTOL_OK;
+}
+